Grinnell Land
a barren, mountainous Polar tract, in lat. 80° N., separated from Greenland by Smith Sound and Kennedy Channel. It was discovered by by Lieut. E. J. De Haven, and named after Henry Grinnell, of New York. Lieut. A. W. Greely thoroughly explored it. N. and S. it is covered with ice-caps; between them lie valleys that lose their snow in summer, and support herds of musk oxen and the usual Arctic fauna. In the interior Greely discovered Lake Hazen, 65 miles long, and two ranges of mountains, one containing a peak (Mount Arthur), 5,000 feet high.
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Gris-Nez
CAPE, a headland 164 feet high, in the department of Pas-de-Calais, France, opposite Dover, is the point of land nearest to the English shore, the distance being barely 20 miles. About equally distant from Calais on the N. E. and Boulogne on the cape marks the dividing line between the North Sea and the English Channel. It is surmounted by a lighthouse.
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Grisi
GIULIA (grē'sē), an Italian singer; born in Milan, May 22, 1812. Her father (Garcia) was an officer of engineers in the army of Napoleon I., and her aunt the once famous cantatrice Josephine Grassini. She made her début at Bologna in a contralto part, appeared in "Romeo and Juliette" at Florence and at Milan, and made her first appearance in Paris and London in 1834, as Ninetta in "La Gazza Ladra," where she achieved a decided success. Every part which she assumed afterward steadily insaid to have been established by her impersonation of the queen in "Semiramide," and of Donna Anna in "Don Giovanni." Her fame reached its climax in her rendition of the rôles of "Norma" and "Lucrezia Borgia," in which characters her singing and dramatic acting have never been surpassed sed. She was twice married; on the second occasion to the unrivaled tenor Signor Mario Marquis de Candia, with whom she vis-and ited the United States in 1854, singing in the principal cities. She died lin, Nov. 29, 1869.
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Griswold
ALEXANDER VIETS, an American clergyman; born in Simbury, Conn., April 22, 1766; ordained in the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1795; made bishop over "The Eastern Diocese," including all of the New England States except Connecticut, in 1811. His publications include "The Reformation and the Apostolic Office" (1843); "Discourses on the Most Important Doctrines and Duties of the Christian Religion" (1830); etc. He died in Boston, Mass., Feb. 15, 1843.
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Grizzly Bear
a huge bear, sometimes 9 feet from the nose to the end of the very short tail, and weighing 800 pounds. The hair, which varies between gray and blackish brown, is more or less grizzled, whence the animal's English name. It inhabits North America, especially the Rocky Mountains. It feeds partly on fruits and roots, and partly on animal food.
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Grodno
a town of Poland; on the Niemen, 148 miles N. E. of Warsaw. It has a medical academy and prior to the World War had manufactures in cloth and tobacco. The palace erected by Augustus III. of Poland, is a handsome edifice. At first a Russian town, Grodno fell to Lithuania in 1241. Here Stephen Bathori died in 1586; here in 1793 the Polish diet ratified the second partition of Poland; and here, too Stanislaus Augustus, the last King of Poland, abdicated in 1795. The city was successively captured by Russians and Austrians during the World War and was also in the field of the Russo-Polish campaigns of 1920. Pop. about 64,000.
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Groin
in anatomy, the hollow in the human body where the thigh and the trunk unite. In architecture, the angle or angular curve formed by an intersection of vaults; most of the vaulted ceilings of the Middle Ages were groined, and therefore called groined ceilings. During the early part of the Norman style the groins were left purposely plain, but afterward they were invariably covered with ribs.
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Gromwell
the name of plants of the genus Lithospermum, natural order Boraginaceæ, containing a number of widely distributed species, several of which are natives of America. The seeds of L. officinale are occasionally used as a diuretic.
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Groningen
a city and capital of the province of Groningen (area, 881 square miles; (1918) 359,950), Netherlands, 25 miles S. W. of Delfzihl, on Dollart Bay. The university, founded in 1614, possesses a library, a botanic garden, an observatory, a collection of Teutonic antiquities, a hospital, and a museum of natural history. A celebrated deaf and dumb institution was founded by Guyot in 1790. Groningen, already an important place in the 9th century, joined the Hanseatic League in 1282. From the 11th century it fought hard to maintain its independence against the bishops of Utrecht, nor did it submit until 1493, and then only to escape being handed over by the emperor to the Duke of Saxony. During the 16th century it had a very stormy history, being finally won for the United Netherlands by Maurice of Nassau in 1594. Pop. (1918) 87,594.
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Gronna
ASLE J., an American public official; born at Elkader, Clayton co., on a farm, he Iowa, in 1858; raised received his education in the schools of Houston co., Minn., and at Caledonia Academy. In 1879 he went to South Dakota, became a banker and acquired wide agricultural interests. He was a member of the Territorial Legislature in 1889 and later served in the House of Representatives in the 59th, 60th, and 61st Congresses. Elected United States Senator in 1911 for the unexpired term of Martin N. Johnson, he was re-elected to the Senate for the full term in 1915. During his service in the Senate he allied himself with the progressive group of Republican Senators and in 1917 became one of the most determined opponents of the entrance of the United States in the World War, as well as of other policies of President Wilson. He was a regent of the University of North Dakota.
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Grosgrain
gro'gran, a close woven, fine ribbed dress silk, dyed in plain colors, and having little luster. Grosgrain is highly prized for its wearing qualities. It has held its place among staple dress silks for many years. Ribbon woven with a ribbed effect similar to that of grosgrain silk is called grosgrain ribbon. Faille or Faille Francaise resembles grosgrain, but the rib is heavier and the fabric soft-finished. Ottoman silk has a still heavier and more noticeable rib.
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