Gosse
gos, Edmund William (1849-), an English poet, lecturer, and literary critic. Mr. Gosse has made a special study of Scandinavian literature, the results of such study having been given to the world in Studies in the Literature of Northern Europe. Among his other works may be mentioned Life of Gray, From Shakespeare to Pope, History of Eighteenth Century Literature, History of Modern English Literature . His poetical writings include Madrigals, Songs and Sonnets, On Viol and Flute, In Russet and Silver.
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Gosse
PHILIP HENRY, an English naturalist; born in Worcester, England, April 10, 1810. In 1827 he went to Newfoundland as a clerk, and was afterward in turn farmer in Canada, schoolmaster in Alabama, and professional naturalist in Jamaica. Returning to England, he published "Canadian Naturalist" (184 (1840 ). He wrote "Birds of Jamaica" (1851); "A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica" (1851); "Naturalist's Ramble on the Devonshire Coast" (1853); "Aquarium" (1854); "Manual of Marine Zoology" (1855-1856); "Romance of Natural History" (1860-1862), his best known work; "Actinologia Britannica" (1860); "Popular British Ornithology" (1853). In the year 1886 he placed in the hands of Dr. C. T. Hudson the notes and drawings of a lifetime on the microscopic study of the Rotifera. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1856. He died in Torquay, Devon, in 1888. EDMUND GOSSE
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Gosse (EDMUND an English author son)
EDMUND, an English author; son of Philip Henry Gosse; born in London, Sept. 21, 1849. As a poet he is known by "Madrigals, Songs, and Sonnets"; "On Viol and Flute"; "The Unknown Lover." From 1904-1914 Librarian of the House of Lords. Some of his criticisms and biographies are contained in "Seventeenth Century Studies" and "From Shakespeare to Pope." He wrote also in prose "Northern Studies" (1879); "Gossip in a Library" (1891); "Questions at Issue" (1893); "History of Modern English Literature" (1897); "Life and Letters of Dr. John Donne" (1899); "Coventry Patmore" (1905); "Father and Son" (1907); "Portraits and Studies" (1912); "Collected Poems" (1913).
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Gotha
a town of Germany, alternately with Coburg the capital of the former duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 31 miles W. by S. of Weimar, on the N. outskirts of the Thuringian ringian Forest. It is a handsome, well-built town, with fine parks. The principal public building is the castle of Friedenstein, built in 1643, 78 feet above the town; it contains a library of over 200,000 volumes and 6,000 MSS., and a very valuable numismatic collection. The museum (1878), in the Renaissance style, contains the picture gallery, in which Cranach, Van Eyck, Holbein, Rubens, and Rembrandt are represented; a very excellent cabinet of engravings; a natural history collection; collections of Egyptian, Roman, Greek and German antiquities; s; and a Japanese and Chinese museum. A new observatory was built in 1874. Gotha prior to the World War was an active industrial town, the principal manufactures being shoes, fire engine pipes, sugar and toys. Gotha sausages have a widespread celebrity. Several hundreds of designers, engravers, printers, and map-colorers were employed here in the geographical establishment of Justus Perthes, who also publishes the "Almanach de Gotha" (see ALMANAC). Pop. about 39,500.
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Gotham
go'tham, a parish in Nottinghamshire, England, noted for the simplicity of its inhabitants. "Foolish enough for Gotham," is a proverbial expression in England. According to tradition, the inhabitants assumed a stupid, loutish look during a visit from King John, thus leading him to think that it would be undesirable to build a palace in their neighborhood. It is a disputed question whether this were not the part of the shrewdest kind of worldly wisdom. Gotham is now a nickname for New York City. In 1807 the inhabitants were called Gothamites by Washington Irving in his Salmagundi. The rhyme appended is from Hallo-well's Collection of Old English Nursery Rhymes: Three wise men of Gotham Went to sea in a bowl, If the bowl had been stronger, My song would have been longer.
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Gothenburg
got'en-burg, the second city of Sweden. It was founded by Gustavus Adolphus in 1619. It lies in the direct route by water from Copenhagen to Christiania. It rose to commercial importance during the Napoleonic wars. The present population is about 160,000. It has important manufactures of sugar, machinery, leather, cotton, and beer. It has an excellent dock. Ships are built here. It is noted for the so-called Gothenburg system. In 1865 the city decided to make an experiment in decreasing drunkenness by taking the sale of intoxicating liquors out of the hands of those who derived a profit from it. The city grants a monopoly of the sale of liquors to a company. All salesmen are placed on salary. No liquor may be consumed on the premises. The profit of the traffic, over and above six per cent, goes to the city treasury. It is claimed that, under this system, drunkards and minors are unable to obtain liquor, so that drunkenness has decreased. During thirty years of trial the number of distilleries has run down from 2,300 to 132. Instead of one saloon to 8,000 inhabitants the number has changed to one saloon to each 13,000. Certainly the public treasury has been filled. The system has spread to a large part of the Scandinavian peninsula . It must be regarded as still on trial, however. Few believe that the company keeps good faith with the government. South Carolina is trying a somewhat similar plan.
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Gotland
the land of the Goths, the largest island in the Baltic Sea . It lies sixty miles from the Swedish mainland. It is a limestone plateau about seventy miles long by fifteen wide. The surface is well watered. The soil is rich. Many huge boulders left by ancient glaciers lie about. The climate is mild. Orchards flourish. The farmers are thrifty and pride themselves on dairy products, ponies, sheep, and wool. They have drained the peat swamps that once abounded and call them in jest "the gold mines of Gotland." Gotland, with its capital, Wisby, was at one time a commercial center. Before the rise of the Hanseatic League, Wisby dominated the Asiatic trade. Warehouses were maintained at Nijni-Novgorod on the upper Volga. The profits of the trade soon drew the attention of the Germans. In 1280 Wisby, Riga, and Lubeck formed an alliance against the Baltic pirates. In 1293 the league transferred its deliberations to Lubeck, and the Goths lost their supremacy. Wisby lost its position as mistress of the Baltic. Extensive ivy-clad ruins attest the former wealth of the city. The old city walls and towers still stand. Since 1640 Gotland has been a part of Sweden. Gotland now has a population of about 52,000; Wisby, of about 8,000. See Baltic; Hanseatic League; Nijni-Novgorod ; Sweden ; Goths
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