Gotthard
ST. See ST. GOTTHARD. GOTHLAND or GOTTLAND, a Swedish island in the Baltic, 44 miles E. from the mainland, and with Farö, Gotsk Sandö, and other smaller islands constituting the province of Gottland or Wisby; area, 1,219 square miles; pop. (1918) 56,028. The island consists mainly of terrace-like slopes of limestone, encircled by cliffs, broken by numerous deep fiords, more especially on the W. coast; the E. parts are flat. Next to agriculture, the chief occupations of the inhabitants are fishing, fowling, and lime-burning. In the Middle Ages the island belonged to the German Hanseatic League, but was restored to Sweden in 1645. Capital, Wisby.
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Gottingen
an old Hanseatic town in the Prussian province of Hanover. It is situated in the valley of the Leine, fifty-nine miles southeast of Hanover. Its commercial prosperity was destroyed practically by the Thirty Years' War. It is at present a city of about 30,000 inhabitants. It is noted chiefly for the celebrated university of the same name. The university was founded in 1734 by George Augustus of Hanover, George II of England. It was attended by many English and American students. Many noted men have been connected with this institution. Among those best known to Americans are the brothers, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, who were expelled from the faculty for political reasons. Gottingen was the first German university to attract American students. Ticknor, Everett, and Bancroft studied here. The names of Emerson and Longfellow appear in the roll of the American colony. Motley, the American historian, and Bismarck, the German statesman, formed a friendship for life at Gottingen. The library contains 400,000 volumes and 5,000 manuscripts. A botanical garden and a museum are connected with the university. There are about 1,000 students in attendance.
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Gottlieben
a small town of Thurgau canton, Switzerland, 1 mile W. of Constance; its castle was the prison of John Huss, Jerome of Prague, and Malleobus. GÖTZ VON BERLICHINGEN (gets fon ber'lich-ing-en), a German knight of the 16th century; born in Jaxthausen, Württemberg, in 1480. Götz is an abbreviation of Gottfried. At the siege of Landshut (1505), he lost his right hand, which was replaced by an artificial one of steel, cunningly invented by himself; it is still shown at Jagstfeld. He wrote an account of his own turbulent life on which Goethe grounded his drama of "Götz of Berlichingen." Died in his castle at Hornberg on the Neckar, July 23, 1562.
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Goucher College
an institution for the higher education of women, founded in Baltimore, Md., in 1844, as the Woman's College of Baltimore. In recognition of gifts made by Reverend John F. Goucher, the name was changed in 1910 to Goucher College. In 1920 there were 793 students and 70 instructors. President, W. W. Guth, Ph. D.
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Gouda
a town of South Holland, on the right bank of the Hollaendsche Yassel, 13 miles N. E. of Rotterdam. The Church of St. John has a suite of magnificent stained glass windows (1560-1603) by the brothers Crabeth, and a fine organ.
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Goulburn
a town of New South Wales, 134 miles S. W. of Sydney; with several tanneries, boot and shoe factories, flour mills, and breweries, and a busy trade in agricultural produce. The seat of an Anglican and of a Roman Catholic bishop, it contains a handsome Church of England cathedral (Gothic, consecrated in 1884), and a Roman Catholic cathedral. It has also a Catholic college and a convent. Pop. (1917) 10,646.
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Gould
JAY, an American financier; born in Roxbury, N. Y., May 27, 1836; was brought up on his father's farm; attended Hobart College a short time, acquired a taste for mathematics and surveying; made surveys of Ulster, Albany, and Delaware counties, and began his railroad career directly after the panic of 1857; invested in bonds of the Rutland and Washington railroad, and became president, treasurer, and superintendent of the road. Soon afterward he effected roadati Rensselaer and Saratoga road, withdrew his capital, removed to New York, opened a broker's office, and began dealing in Erie stocks and bonds. In association with James Fisk, Jr., he entered the directory of the company, and was elected president, with Fisk as vice-president and treasurer. On the reorganization of the company, 1872, he lost official connection with it. He then invested heavily in the various Pacific railroads, secured control of a number of important lines, built branches, and effected combinations which resulted in the establishment of what is known as the "Gould system." He died in New York City, Dec. 2, 1892, leaving property valued at $72,000,000.
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Gould, Jay
Jay (1836-1892), an American capitalist. He was a native of New York and a graduate of Hobart College. Through his profession of surveying he became interested in the railroads of New York and Vermont. He adopted a policy which has enriched many,--that of buying up the stock of railroads in a disorganized condition and afterward selling at a high price. He established himself in Wall Street and accumulated wealth rapidly. Beginning with the Erie, he acquired control of a number of railroads and feeders, which he organized into what is known as the Gould System, still under the control (1910) of his son, George Jay. In 1869 Gould's firm cornered the New York supply of gold, controlling, it is said, about $15,000,000. Those who were obliged to buy gold to meet their obligations were forced to pay his prices. The United States treasury was obliged to interfere. Friday, September 24, is still referred to as Black Friday. Gould and his partner are supposed to have made at least $11,000,000 by their operations.
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Gounod
CHARLES FRANÇOIS (gö-no'), a French composer; born in Paris, France, June 17, 1818. He studied at the conservatoire under Halévy, Lesueur, and Paer. Obtaining the first prize in 1839, he was sent to Rome and while there devoted himself chiefly to religious music. A "Solemn Mass," was the first work which brought him into general notice. His first opera, "Sappho," was produced in 1851. His comic opera, "The Physician in Spite of Himself" (1858), was a great success; it was followed in 1859 by "Faust," his chief work, which raised its composer to the foremost rank of contemporary musicians. It was followed by "Philemon and Baucis" (1860); "The Queen of Sheba" (1862); "Mireille" (1864); "Romeo and Juliet" (1867); "Polyeucte" (1878); "The Tribute of Zamora" (1881). He also published much church music, and was popular as a song-writer. From 1870 to 1875 he resided in England. He was a member of the Institute (1866), and a commander of the Legion of Honor (1877). He died in St. Cloud, France, Oct. 18, 1893.
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