Gallipoli
a seaport of Turkey, on the peninsula of the same name (the ancient Thracian Chersonesus), at the N. E. extremity of the Dardanelles, 90 miles S. of Adrianople, and 130 W. S. W. of Constantinople. The ancient Kallipolis, of which some ruins remain, it was formerly the most important commercial town on the Hellespont, and still retains considerable trade. There are two harbors, extensive bazaars, and some manufactures. Gallipoli is the headquarters of the Turkish fleet and the seat of a Greek bishop, and contains numerous mosques and fountains. The town was taken by the Turks in 1356, and formed their earliest European possession; and here the allies disembarked during the Crimean War. Pop. about 30,000. The northern portion of the peninsula was the scene of intense fighting in 1915. See WORLD WAR; TURKEY.
a town of southern Italy, built on a steep insulated rock in the Gulf of Taranto, connected with the mainland by a bridge, and 59 miles by rail S. of Brindisi. The harbor is protected by a mole and fortified. The town contains a handsome cathedral and is remarkable for its oil tanks, excavated in the solid rock, in which olive oil is deposited for exportation. Pop. about 12,000.
PENINSULA OF, a tongue of land separating the Hellespont from the Ægean Sea and the Gulf of Saros, 62 miles long, by a varying breadth of from 4 to 12 miles. Lat. between 40° 3′ and 40° 38' N., lon. between 26° 10' and 27° E.
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Gallipolis
a city of Ohio, the It is on the county-seat of Gallia co. Ohio river, and on the Hocking Valley and the Kanawha and Michigan railroads. It is the center of important coal fields, the greater part of which have not been developed. Its industries include iron and wood working establishments, the manufacture of stoves, flour, ice, brooms, lumber, leather, etc. It is the seat of the Ohio Hospital for Epileptics, and has a public library, a park, and Gallia Academy. Pop. (1910) 5,560; (1920) 6,070.
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Galliwasp
a small lizard, family Scincidæ, found in the West Indies. It is an object of terror to the inhabitants, but is really harmless.
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Gallon
an English measure of capacity for both dry and liquid substances. It contains four quarts. The standard gallon of the United States , the same as the wine gallon, contains 231 cubic inches, and is almost equivalent to a cylinder seven inches in diameter and six inches high. A gallon of water weighed under ordinary conditions at a temperature of 62 deg. F. weighs 8.3389 pounds. See Ton
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Galloway
an extensive district in the S. W. of Scotland, once somewhat larger, but now entirely entirely comprised in the shire of Wigtown and stewartry of Kirkcudbright. It enjoys a remarkably mild climate, and has long been famous as a pastoral country, its breed of small horses and of large hornless black cattle being well known centuries ago; dairy farming is now the most important industry. The province is about 70 miles in length, by 40 at its utmost breadth, and contains the greatest diversity of scenery-mountain, lake, and stream. There is no mineral wealth and hardly any industry, hence the inhabitants are almost entirely concerned with tilling the soil, sheep and cattle rearing, and fishing. The province province owes its name to the fact that the natives were called Gall-Gael, or foreign Gaels, at first because of their falling under the foreign rule of the Anglians; but as the Picts of Galloway they continued to be known so late as the Battle of the Standard in 1138. Their geographical position had shut them off from their N. congeners, and they continued under their ancient name a distinct people till the 12th century, and preserved their language-which was substantially identical with Gaelic-till the 16th, when it finally disappeared before the Reformation and the use of Lowland Scotch in the parish churches and schools.
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Gallows
an instrument or apparatus on which criminals are executed by hanging. It is usually constructed of two posts with a cross-beam on the top, from which the criminal is hanged by a rope passing round his neck. In agriculture, the central core of four Indian cornstalks, interlaced diagonally and bound at the intersection, forming a stool or support for cut corn, which is bound around it to form a shock. In printing, the rest for the tympan when open. Also the frame supporting the beam of a steam engine.
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Gallus
TREBONIANUS, a Roman emperor; the successor of the ill-fated Decius. He is memorable only for the dishonorable peace with the Goths, in permitting them to retain their plunder and captives and promising them a fixed annual tribute, and by a dreadful pestilence in Italy. He was murdered by his own soldiers in 253 or 254 A. D.
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Galoparo
or CAPO DI FARO (kä'pō de fä'rō), the Charybdis of the ancients. It forms the whirlpool on the outside of the harbor of Messina, in the strait separating Italy from Sicily. Opposite, on the Italian coast, is the rock Scylla.
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Galsworthy
JOHN, an English writer. Born in 1867, his early writings excited but slight attention. It was not until he turned to modern social problems that his power as a dramatist and novelist was revealed. His novels deal with many phases of English life chiefly for the purpose of satire. Such for example is his first work that attracted attention, "The Island Pharisees" (1904, revised 1908) and later (1906) "The Man of Property." Likewise in his dramas he pays particular attention to the injustices of the present social scheme. "The Silver Box" (1906) is a JOHN GALSWORTHY drama with the theme of the different legal justice for the rich and poor. "Strife" (1909) is written to illustrate the war between capital and labor which features modern society. His most recent work is the drama entitled "The Mob" published in the year in which the World War opened.
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Galton
FRANCIS, an scientist; grandson of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, and cousin of Charles Darwin; born at Birmingham, England, in 1822. He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham; studied medicine at the Birmingham Hospital and King's College, London; and graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1844. Having in 1846 traveled in north Africa, he explored in 1850 lands hitherto unknown in south Africa, publishing his experiences in his "Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa," which obtained the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society, and in "Art of Travel," which passed through five editions between 1855 and 1872. His investigations in meteorology are recorded in "Meteorographica," published in 1863. A member of a Meteorological Committee of the Board of Trade, he was appointed one of the committee intrusted with the parliamentary grant for the Meteorological Office. Later he specially devoted himself to the problem of heredity, publishing "Hereditary Genius; Its Laws and Consequences" (1869); "Experiments in Pangenesis" (1871); "Natural Inheritance" (1889); "Finger Prints" (1893); "Fingerprint Families" "Noteworthy Directory" (1906), "Memoirs of My Life" (1908), "Essays in Eugenics" (1909). He was general secretary of the British Association in 1863-1868; president of the Anthropological Sections in 1877 and 1885; president of the Anthropological Institute in 1885-1886. He died in 1911.
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