Grenoble
a fortified town of France; capital of the department of Isère, on the Isère, 60 miles S. E. of Lyons. Grenoble occupies both sides of the river, which is crossed by three bridges, and lined by fine quays. It has a cathedral, and a more noteworthy church (Saint-André), with the tomb of Bayard; a public library of 170,- 000 volumes; a college, museum, bishop's palace, court house, arsenal, and extensive public gardens. The manufactures consist of gloves, which may be considered the staple, linen and hemp goods, liquors, leather, etc. Grenoble existed in the time of Cæsar; and Gratian, who had improved it, changed its name from Cularo to Gratianopolis. Pop. about 80,000.
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Grenville (GEORGE an English statesman)
GEORGE, an English statesman; born Oct. 14, 1712; was younger brother of Richard Grenville, Earl Temple, and brother-in-law of the Earl of Chatham. He entered Parliament in 1714, and from 1744 to 1762 filled several government offices. In 1757 he introduced a bill for the regulation of the payment of the navy. In 1762 he became Secretary of State, and then First Lord of the Admiralty; and in the following year he succeeded Lord Bute as prime minister, uniting in himself the offices of Chancellor of the Exchequer and First Lord of the Treasury. The most prominent facts of his administration were the prosecution of Wilkes and the passing of the American Stamp Act, which first drove the American colonies to resistance. He resigned the premiership in 1765, and died in London, England, Nov. 13, 1770.
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Grenville (SIR RICHARD an English naval)
SIR RICHARD, an English naval officer; born about 1541; cousin of Sir Walter Raleigh. In 1585 he was given command of a fleet of seven vessels to aid in the colonization of Virginia. His most brilliant exploit occurred in 1591, when he attempted to cut his way through a Spanish fleet of 53 ships. His ship was becalmed and attacked by 15 of the largest Spanish vessels. Not till after 15 hours of battle and when only 20 out of his 150 men were left alive did he strike his colors. He died in September, 1591, from wounds received in the engagement.
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Grenville, George
George (1712-1770), a member of the English Parliament. He held various cabinet positions. He is remembered in the United States as the author of the scheme for stamp duties which went into effect in 1765. He was regarded as a narrow, honest, obstinate man, unable to foresee the result of taxing the colonists without their consent.
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Grenville, Sir Richard
Sir Richard (1541-1591), an English naval commander. He was engaged in various naval expeditions. In 1585 he landed the colonists at Roanoke Island. He is remembered chiefly as the hero of an engagement with the Spanish in 1591. With his flagship only he attempted to cut his way through a Spanish fleet of fifty-three ships. While he lay becalmed his ship was attacked by fifteen of the largest Spanish vessels. After fifteen hours of battle with but twenty men out of one hundred and fifty left alive to man his ship, he was forced to surrender. He was wounded mortally and died soon after the engagement. Tennyson has made the incident the subject of a stirring ballad entitled The Revenge.
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Gresham (II)
WALTER QUINTON, an American jurist; born near Lanesville, Harrison co., Ind., March 17, 1832. He became a member of the Indiana State Legislature in 1861; served in the Civil War, rising to Brigadier-General of volunteers; at its close resumed the practice of law, and in 1869 was appointed by President Grant United States District Judge for Indiana; in 1883 was appointed Postmaster-General by President Arthur; in 1884 became Secretary of the Treasury, and later was appointed one of the judges of the United States Circuit Court. He died in Washington, D. C., May 28, 1895.
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Gresham, Sir Thomas
Sir Thomas (1519-1579), a London merchant. He was the founder of the Royal Exchange and of Gresham College, London. His father was a merchant, prominent in the reign of Henry VIII both as lord mayor of London and as a financier. Gresham succeeded his father both as a merchant and a banker. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth he rendered the government signal service. He is mentioned chiefly, however, as the author of Gresham's Law. Briefly stated, it is this: "Cheap money drives good money out of circulation." One naturally pays out a mutilated coin and keeps a good one. Then, too, when gold and silver coins are in circulation, if either dollar becomes worth more than the other, the dollar of greater value is hoarded and goes out of circulation. The point is that if cheap money will buy as much and pay debts as far as more expensive money, people will pay out cheap money and keep dear money. Even if the people are not shrewd enough always to do so, the banks garner the better money with industry into their vaults. During our Civil War, when paper money was worth less than gold, the latter was seldom to be seen, except in the vault of a bank, or in private hands where it was hoarded as a curiosity. Everyone paid his obligations in paper money because it was cheaper to do so.
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Gretna
a city of Louisiana, the parish-seat of Jefferson parish. It is on Morgan's Louisiana and Texas, the Texas and Pacific, and the New Orleans, Southern and Grand Isle railroads. The industries include manufactures of cotton seed oil, barrels, lard and soap, fertilizers, etc. The city is the seat of a Catholic college. Its notable buildings include a fine court house. It was incorporated in 1913. Pop. (1920) 7,197.
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Grey (LADY JANE the nine days' queen)
LADY JANE, the "nine days' queen"; born in Bradgate, Leicestershire, England, in October, 1537; was the eldest daughter of Henry Grey, Marquis of Dorset and Duke of Suffolk, and greatgranddaughter of Henry VII. of England. As a girl she made extraordinary progress, especially in languages-Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and Hebrew. In 1553 the Duke of Northumberland, foreseeing the speedy death of the boy-king, Edward VI., determined to change the succession and secure it to his own family. Lady Jane, not 16 years old, was therefore married, strongly against her wish, to Lord Guilford Dudley, Northumberland's fourth son, on May 21, 1553; and July 9, three days after Edward's death, the council informed her that his "plan" had named her as his successor. On July 19, the brief usurpation over, she found herself a prisoner in the Tower; four months later, pleading guilty of high treason, she was sentenced to death, and was beheaded on Tower Hill, Feb. 12, 1554.
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