Groton
a town in New London co., Conn., on the Thames river and Long Island Sound, opposite New London. There still may be seen Fort Griswold, memorable for the massacre of an American garrison by the British in 1781. The British having captured the fort after a desperate resistance, Colonel Ledyard, the American commander, surrendered to the officer of the detachment, and was immediately killed with his own sword, most of his men being also butchered. A granite monument, to commemorate that event, was erected in 1830. Pop. about 2,000.
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Grouchy
MARQUIS EMMANUEL DE (grö-she'), a French military officer; born in Paris, Oct. 23, 1766; entered the army at 14; threw in lot Revolution, and had this first with the serious work in helping to paste the Vendean revolt. After being nominated second to Hoche for the abortive expedition to Ireland, though Grouchy did enter Bantry Bay, he proceeded to join Joubert in Italy in 1798. Under Moreau he greatly distinguished himself in Piedmont, and at Novi was taken prisoner but subsequently exchanged in 179 1799. Later he fought with conspicuous gallantry at Hohenlinden, Eylau, Friedland, Wagram, and in the Russian campaign of 1812, being appointed during the memorable retreat leader of the bodyguard of Napoleon. After the disastrous battle of Leipsic, Grouchy covered the retreat of the French on the W. side of the Rhine. Among the first to welcome Napoleon after his escape from Elba, Grouchy destroyed the Bourbon opposition in the S. of France, and then, hastening N., routed Blücher at Ligny. After the defeat at Waterloo and the second abdication of Napoleon, Grouchy, appointed by the provisional government commander-in-chief of the broken armies of France, led them skillfully back toward the capital; then, resigning, he went to the United States. He returned from exile in 1819, and was reinstated as marshal in 1831. He died in St. Étienne, May 29, 1847.
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Ground Cherry
a well known relative of the tomato, potato, and red pepper. There are over thirty species. Wild ground cherries are found throughout eastern North America . They have a tomato-like foliage and flower, but the fruiting calyx enlarges into a papery bladder entirely surrounding the berry. Ground cherries are chiefly used for preserves. Husk tomato, strawberry tomato, bladder cherry, Chinese lantern plant, cape gooseberry, and winter cherries are some of the names applied to the curious fruit of this plant. See Tomato ; Cayenne Pepper
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Ground Ivy
a creeping plant related to the catnip. It has petioled, kidney-shaped leaves. The bright blue flowers grow in threes in the axils of the leaves. In America it grows in damp and shady places, having been introduced from Europe. It is also known as gill-over-the-ground. In England it is called also the haymaiden. Its leaves were used for flavoring ale, in which service it preceded hops.
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Ground Pine
or Clubmoss, a mossy, trailing evergreen plant of deep woods. It is allied to the ferns. There are 100 different kinds. The dusty spores are sold as lycopodium powder by druggists. It kills cockroaches and many other insects. It is almost as inflammable as gunpowder. Ground pine is in demand for Christmas decorations. It keeps well, and is usually gathered during the long Indian summer of the North from Minnesota to Maine, and shipped to market in barrels or boxes. Wisconsin, it is said, ships thirty-five carloads a year.
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Groundhog
. See Woodchuck
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Grouse
in ornithology, various game-birds, specially the Tetrao tetrix, called the black grouse, and Lagopus coticus, the red grouse. The male of the former is called the black cock, and the female the gray hen. The red, called also the common grouse, inhabits moors. Besides Tetrao, the grouse family contains the genus Lagopus (Ptarmigan), etc., the ruffled grouse is the genus Bonasia; sand grouse are the family Pteroclidæ; and the wood grouse is the Capercailzie. They are well known to be large plump birds, with beautifully varie- SAGE GROUSE gated plumage, which must often be protective. They are especially abundant in the N. parts of both Old and New World. The male is famous for his habit of with his wings. The largest American drumming, or beating stiffly downward grouse is the cock of the plains or sage cock.
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Grouting
The process of pouring a thin mixture of kaolin or fire-clay betwixt the cupola shell and the fire-bricks, as well as at the joints of the bricks, during the operation of lining. By building the bricks in as close contact with the shell as possible and filling the remaining spaces with the grout, the brick is permanently fixed, and all possibility of air escaping through the joints of the shell obviated. See CUPOLA; REPAIRING THE CUPOLA.
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Grove
in comparative religion, a group of trees under which religious worship is held.
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Grove
SIR GEORGE, an English author; born in Clapham, England, in 1820; was trained as a civil engineer, and erected in the West Indies the first two cast-iron lighthouses built. As a member of the staff of Robert Stephenson he was employed at the Chester general station and the Britannia tubular bridge. He was secretary to the Society of Arts from 1849 to 1852, and secretary to the Crystal Palace Comsubpany from 1852 to 1873, where he sequently became a director. He was editor of "Macmillan's Magazine," a large contributor to Smith's "Dictionary of the Bible," and editor and part author of the "Great Dictionary of Music and Musicians." D. C. L. from Durham University in 1872, and LL. D. of Glasgow in 1886. He was knighted in 1883 on the opening of the Royal College of Music, Kensington Kensington Gore, of which he was made Director by the Prince of Wales. He also assisted Dean Stanley in some of his works on the Bible and the East, and was founder of the Palestine Exploration Fund. He died in London, England, May 28, 1900.
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Grove City College
a nonsectarian coeducational institution in Grove City, Pa.; founded in 1876; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 54; students, 859; president, W. C. Ketler.
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Grow
GALUSHA AARON, an Amer. ican legislator; born in Eastford, Conn., Aug. 31, 1822; was graduated at Amherst College in 1844; was admitted to the bar in 1847; settled in Towanda, Pa., and there practiced; was a member of Congress in 1851-1863 and speaker during the last two years. In 1871-1876 he was president of the International and In Great Northern railroad of Texas. 1894 he was elected Representative-at- Large by a plurality of 297,446 over De- Witt, the Democratic nominee, and a majority of 269,778 over all other candidates, these being the largest numbers of votes ever given in any State of the Union to any candidate for any office up to that time. He was re-elected in 1896, 1898, and 1900. He died March 31, 1907.
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