Guernsey
the secondlargest and most W. of the Channel The soil is fertile. The breeding cattle Islands, lying off the N. coast of France, 46 miles from Cherbourg, and about 68 miles from Start Point in Devonshire. It is of a triangular form, area 19 square miles. The N. part is level, the S. more elevated, coast lofty and abrupt, the island being almost entirely of granite formation. The climate is extremely healthy. and the dairy are the principal objects of attention; and the butter made is highly esteemed. Horticulture and floriculture also receive much attention, and fruit, especially figs and grapes, is very abundant. The grapehouses are further utilized for the raising of early vegetables and tomatoes, which are sent to the London market. The principal exports are cattle , fruits, vegetables in the early spring; granite for paving, etc. The dialect of the island is the pure Norman of some centuries ago; but a knowledge of English is general. The principal educational institution is Elizabeth College, at St. Peter's Port, the capital, and only town in the island. Steamers ply regularly between Guernsey and London, Southampton, Plymouth and Weymouth. The island is under a lieutenant-governor, who represents the sove sovereign in the assembly of the states, a kind of local parliament. It is strongly fortified, and has a wellorganized militia. Pop. (1919) 45,000 .
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Guerrero
a State of Mexico , on the Pacific Ocean; area, 24,- 996 square miles; capital Chilpancingo. It is a broken mountainous country, rich in minerals, fertile in the upland valleys, and enjoying a favorable climate except on the coast. Pop. (1917) 620,416.
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Guerrilla
ger-ril'la, a Spanish word meaning skirmishing warfare, and hence a body of skirmishers. The word is akin to the French guerre meaning war. In European warfare the term was used to designate a light body of troops calculated to do scouting or to surprise the enemy. . The word came into prominence during the invasion of Spain by French armies in the Napoleonic Wars. Of late the word has acquired a sinister meaning. During our Civil War bands of guerrillas responsible to nobody, little better in character and deed than bandits and horse thieves, roamed the borders, especially in Missouri, plundering and murdering. Quantrell, the James Brothers, and the Younger Boys were products of the guerrilla bands. Guerrillas are now associated in the popular mind with raiding, looting, train robbing, and the like.
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Guess
George. See Cherokee; Sequoia
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Gueux
or "The Beggars," the name assumed by the confederated nobles who opposed the introduction of the Inquisition into the Low Countries by Philip II. of Spain. Forming themselves into they presented a formal protest to the an association, November , 1565 , regent, Margaret of Parma, April 5, 1565. Their distinctive party name they to them on that occasion by one of Maradopted from an abusive epithet applied represented the national feeling of the garet's courtiers . The "beggars," who country, maintained a long and vigorous contest against the despotic proceedings of Philip and his advisers, but were ultimately compelled to succumb to superior force. A branch of them, "the Beggars of the Sea," under the leadership of the bold Count de la Marck, seriously harassed the Spanish fleet, captured transports with supplies for Alva's army, seized several fortresses, and succored besieged places along the coast. Their capture of Briel in April, 1572, was the beginning of the war which terminated in the independence of the Netherlands in 1648.
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Guiana
DUTCH, or SURINAM, a colony of the Netherlands in the N. E. part of South America; bounded by Brazil, British Guiana, French Guiana, and the Atlantic Ocean; area, 46,050 square miles; capital, Paramaribo. The surface is low low along a the coast, gradually increasing in elevation toward the mountains in the S. The principal products and exports are sugar, cocoa, bananas, coffee, rice, maize, rum, molasses, and gold. There are public schools, savings banks, and steamship lines. In 1667 Dutch Guiana was ceded to the Netherlands by Great Britain in exchange for New Netherlands. It was held by the British in 1799-1802, and again in 1804-1816, when it was returned to the Netherlands with several other Dutch colonies. Pop. (1919) 167,827.
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Guiana (BRITISH a British colony)
BRITISH, a British colony in the N. E. part of South America; bounded by Dutch Guiana, Brazil, Venezuela, and the Atlantic Ocean; area, 89,480 square miles; capital, Georgetown. The surface of the country is diversified with low savannahs near the coast and mountainous toward the S., the highest mountain being Mt. Roraima, 7,500 feet. The chief products are gold, sugar, molasses, balata, rum, and rice. There are railroads, steamship communications with Great Britain and telegraph and telephone systems. Columbus is said to have discovered the Guianas in 1498. The Dutch made settlements in 1650 and the English in 1630. In 1804 the Guianas were divided between the English, French, and Dutch, as they now stand. In 1895 there was trouble between Great Britain and Venezuela, concerning the Guiana boundary. (1918) Pop. (1918) 460,000.
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Guido Reni
an Italian painter; born in Calvenzano, Nov. 4, 1575. He studied under Calvaert, and entered the school of the Caracci. His earliest works, of which the "Coronation of the Virgin," in the National Gallery, London, is an example, are marred by rather harsh and violent coloring; but coming under the influence of Caravaggio, he adopted many of the qualities of his art. About 1596 he settled in Rome, where he worked for some 20 years, adopting a graceful style, of which the famous "Aurora and the Hours," painted on the ceiling of the pavilion of the Rospigliosi Palace, is a typical example, as is also the "Nativity," in the choir of San Martino at Naples. He died at Bologna Aug. 18, 1642.
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Guienne
one of the old French provinces, comprehending the present departments of Gironde, Lot, Dordogne, Aveyron, with portions of Tarn-et-Garonne and Lot-et-Garonne. It formed with Gascony what was originally the country of Aquitania, of which name Guienne is a corruption.
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Guild
a society or body of individuals associated together for carrying on commerce, or some particular trade or business. There existed at Rome various fraternities of tradesmen, which bore a considerable resemblance to our modern guild, and were permitted to regulate their affairs by their own laws; but it is usual to trace the origin of guilds to the Middle Ages. As soon as the citizens acquired an influence in the administration, the guilds became the basis of the municipal constitutions, and everyone who wished to participate in the municipal government was obliged to become a member of a guild. Guilds introduced the democratic element into society, and in their progress became the bulwarks of the citizen's liberty and the depositaries of much political power. By the close of the 12th century merchants' guilds were general throughout the cities of Europe. The Drapers' Company of Hamburg dates from 1153, and that of the Shoemakers of Magdeburg from 1157. With the increase of their wealth and strength, the guilds either purchased or extorted from their rulers privileges which, once obtained, they were careful never to give up. By the 13th century they had acquired considerable power, and in the course of two successive ages they counterbalanced the power of the nobles.
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