Hardness
in a description of solids, particularly minerals, the capacity of a substance to scratch another, or to be scratched by another. The diamond is the hardest body known. Hardness is frequently expressed by numerals from one to ten. Talc is at one end of the mineral scale with a hardness of 1, the diamond at the other end with a hardness of 10. According to this scale, bismuth and alum have a hardness of 2; aluminum, antimony, arsenic, bronze, copper, German silver, marble, and zinc have a hardness of 3; wrought iron , fluor spar, 4; the mineral called apatite, 5; feldspar and cast iron , 6; agate and quartz, 7; topaz and emerald, 8; tempered steel and corundum, 9; the diamond alone, 10; ice, 1 1/2. See Annealing
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Hardness of Minerals
The hardness of minerals, beginning with the hardest, is as follows: Diamond 1, corundum 2, sapphire 3, topaz 4, quartz 5, feldspar 6, scapolite 7, apatite 8, fluor-spar 9, calcareous spar 10, gypsum 11, talc 12. See PRECIOUS STONES.
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Hardness of Precious Stones
See PRECIOUS STONES. Hard Pig-iron is distinguished by showing at the fracture a dull, grayish-white color, flaky in appearance, with more or less mottle. An extreme degree of hardness exists when the fracture shows a highly crystalline nature, with long, needle-like crystals radiating, and no appearance of graphite. See CAST IRON; GRADING PIG-IRON; SOFT PIG-IRON. Hard Plaster is made by saturating pieces of freshly calcined plaster with water that holds in solution 12 per cent of alum. After thorough saturation the pieces are lifted from the liquid, dried, and calcined at a red heat; after which they are pulverized and sifted, and the plaster is fit for mixing. This plaster requires only about one half of the water used for the ordinary material, but is much longer in setting. When set, this hard plaster is about 50 per cent stronger than the common, and produces a fine, polished surface. See PLASTER.
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Hardware
A common term for such manufactures as are produced from the useful metals, iron, steel, copper, zinc, tin, brass, and some of the commoner kinds of plated goods. See METALS; BRASS; BRITANNIA METAL.
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Hardy, Thomas
Thomas (1840-), an English novelist. He was born in Dorsetshire. He studied architecture and practiced his profession for some years, but since 1873 has devoted his time to literature. Among his best known novels may be mentioned Far from the Madding Crowd, The Return of the Native, Two on a Tower, Tess of the D'Urbervilles, The Three Wayfarers, and Under the Greenwood Tree. Hardy is recognized as the foremost of living English novelists.
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Hare (Zoology various species)
in zoology, various species of Lepus, specially L. timidus. It does not make a burrow like the rabbit, but lurks in a seat or form, which it varies according to the season, and in severe weather betakes itself to the woods. It is, properly speaking, a nocturnal animal and is very prolific. Modern science which places it among the rodents, with its anatomical construction entirely agrees. In astronomy Lepus, one of the 15 ancient S. constellations.
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Harebell
. See Bellflower
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Hargreaves
har'grevz, James an English inventor, a native of Stanhill. Hargreaves was an illiterate spinner, working, as was the custom, in his own house. In 1760 he devised a carding machine, and four years later he thought out the "spinning jenny." He had tried frequently to produce more than one thread at a time by paying out between each two fingers of his left hand; but he could not wind the threads on horizontal spindles. The story runs that one of his children upset his wheel while he was spinning at full speed, and that this gave him the notion of vertical spindles. At all events Hargreaves devised a wheel with several vertical spindles. He spun eight threads at a time. This enabled himself and family to produce more yarn than his neighbors. In jealousy and alarm lest the device reduce the number of persons who could have employment they broke into his house and destroyed the frame. It is not pleasant to know that Hargreaves was defrauded of personal benefit from a patent on his invention. He was able to from a small partnership in spinning, however, and died in 1778 in moderate circumstances, but above poverty. See Spinning
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Hari-Rud
or HERI- RUD (her-e-), a river of Asia, which rises in the Hindu Kush about 150 miles W. from Kabul, pursues a W. course through Afghanistan for nearly 250 miles; then, bending suddenly to the N., it forms the boundary between Persia and Turkestan, and, after a further course of about 250 miles, loses itself in several arms in the Tekke Turkoman oasis.
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Harlan
JOHN MARSHALL, an American jurist; born in Boyle co., Ky., June 1, 1, 1833, was graduated at Centre a lawyer; College in 1850; became served in the Civil War; was attorneygeneral of Kentucky; a member of the Louisiana Investigation Commission of 1877, and in the same year was made associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1892 he was an arbitrator on behalf of the United States before the Bering Sea tribunal. He died in 1911.
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Harlaw
a place 18 miles N. W. of Aberdeen , the site of a battle fought July 24 , 1411, between the Highlanders, led by Donald, Lord of the Isles, and the Lowlanders of Mar, Garioch, Buchan, Angus, and Mearns, under Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar. The battle was long and bloody, but the Highlanders were at last defeated .
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Harlem
a part of New York City above 106th street. See NEW YORK CITY.
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Harlem River
a tidal channel which separates Manhattan Island from the mainland of the State of New York. It communicates with the Hudson river on the W. by means of Spuyten Duyvil creek, and with the East river at Hell Gate. It is about 7 miles long. The Harlem canal, which connects with the East river, was opened June 17, 1895. port of the Netherlands, in the province (här'ling-en), a seaof Friesland, on the Zuider Zee, 14 miles W. by S. from Leeuwarden. It has a good harbor, protected from the sea by dykes. sacks and machines and shipbuilding The manufacture of woolen cattle are exported to England. Pop. are the chief industries . Butter and about 11,000. public official, born in Newton, O., in HARMON , JUDSON, an American 1846. He graduated from Denison University in 1866, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1869. He was elected from 1876 to 1877 he was judge of the Mayor of Wyoming, O., in 1875, and Court of Common Pleas, and was judge He was appointed attorney-general of of the Superior Court from 1878 to 1887. the United States by President Cleveland, in 1895, serving until 1897. He and from 1911 to 1913. In 1912 he was was governor of Ohio from 1909 to 1911, a Democratic candidate for the nomination for the presidency.
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