Hardinge
VISCOUNT, British a soldier and governor-general of India; born in Wrotham, Kent, England, March 30, 1785. Gazetted an ensign in 1798, he served through the Peninsular war, being wounded at Vimiera and Vittoria, and taking a decisive part in the sanguinary contest at Albuera. From 1809 to 1813 he was also attached to the Portuguese army as a deputy quartermastergeneral. On the renewal of hostilities after Napoleon's escape from Elba, he hastened to join Wellington, who appointed him commissioner at the Prussian headquarters. In consequence of a severe wound received at Ligny he was unable to take part in the battle of Waterloo. From 1820 to 1844 he was active in Parliament, holding the office of Secretary of War under Wellington in 1828, and afterward the chief secretaryship of Ireland under the same duke and under Peel. In 1844 he was appointed governor-general of India. He was present at the battles of Mudki, Firozshah, and Sobraon in the first Sikh war, as second in command to Lord Gough. After the peace of Lahore (1845) he was created a viscount, and granted a pension of $25,000 by the East India Company as well as one of $15,000 for three lives by Parliament. Four years after his return to England he succeeded (1852) Wellington as commander-in-chief of the British army. In 1855 he was made field-marshal. In July of the following year he resigned commander-in-chief, and the office of and died in South Park, near Tunbridge, England, Sept. 24, 1856.
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Hardness
in a description of solids, particularly minerals, the capacity of a substance to scratch another, or to be scratched by another. The diamond is the hardest body known. Hardness is frequently expressed by numerals from one to ten. Talc is at one end of the mineral scale with a hardness of 1, the diamond at the other end with a hardness of 10. According to this scale, bismuth and alum have a hardness of 2; aluminum, antimony, arsenic, bronze, copper, German silver, marble, and zinc have a hardness of 3; wrought iron , fluor spar, 4; the mineral called apatite, 5; feldspar and cast iron , 6; agate and quartz, 7; topaz and emerald, 8; tempered steel and corundum, 9; the diamond alone, 10; ice, 1 1/2. See Annealing
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Hardness of Minerals
The hardness of minerals, beginning with the hardest, is as follows: Diamond 1, corundum 2, sapphire 3, topaz 4, quartz 5, feldspar 6, scapolite 7, apatite 8, fluor-spar 9, calcareous spar 10, gypsum 11, talc 12. See PRECIOUS STONES.
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Hardness of Precious Stones
See PRECIOUS STONES. Hard Pig-iron is distinguished by showing at the fracture a dull, grayish-white color, flaky in appearance, with more or less mottle. An extreme degree of hardness exists when the fracture shows a highly crystalline nature, with long, needle-like crystals radiating, and no appearance of graphite. See CAST IRON; GRADING PIG-IRON; SOFT PIG-IRON. Hard Plaster is made by saturating pieces of freshly calcined plaster with water that holds in solution 12 per cent of alum. After thorough saturation the pieces are lifted from the liquid, dried, and calcined at a red heat; after which they are pulverized and sifted, and the plaster is fit for mixing. This plaster requires only about one half of the water used for the ordinary material, but is much longer in setting. When set, this hard plaster is about 50 per cent stronger than the common, and produces a fine, polished surface. See PLASTER.
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Hardware
A common term for such manufactures as are produced from the useful metals, iron, steel, copper, zinc, tin, brass, and some of the commoner kinds of plated goods. See METALS; BRASS; BRITANNIA METAL.
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Hardy
ARTHUR SHERBURNE, an American novelist; born in Andover, Mass., Aug. 13, 1847. He was graduated from the United States Military Academy and commanded a military post in the South for two years. His poetry consists mainly of lyrics and sonnets, while his novels are full of interest and In charm. He was a skilled musician. 1897 he was appointed minister to Persia. "But Yet a Woman" and "The Wind of Destiny" and "Passe Rose" represent his earlier style. His later novels include: "His Daughter First" (1903); "Aurelie" (1912); "Diane and Her Friends" (1914); "No. 13 Rue du Bon Diable" (1917). His poems were published in numerous magazines, and some of his mathematical studies took shape in a volume on "Quaternions." "Songs of Two" appeared in 1900. English
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Hardy (THOMAS an novelist born)
THOMAS, an novelist; born in Dorset, England, June 2, 1840. He was brought up as an architect, and practiced some time at Dorchester, next prosecuted his studies in design at London, gaining professional distinction. His intention was now to become an art critic, but the experiment of a not wholly unsuccessful work of fiction, "Desperate Remedies" (1871), shaped his destiny otherwise. His next novels, "Under the Greenwood Tree" (1872) and "A Pair of Blue Eyes" (1873), prepared the way for his first great work, "Far from the Madding Crowd," published in the "Cornhill Magazine" in 1874. Its immediate success secured its author an audience for a series of novels: "The Hand of Ethelberta" (1876); "The Return of the Native" (1878); "The Trumpet-major" (1880); "A Laodicean" (1881); "Two on a Tower" (1882); "The Mayor of Casterbridge" (1886); "The Woodlanders" (1887); "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" (1891); and "Jude the Obscure" (1895); "Wessex Tales" (1888); "A 66 Group of Noble Dames" (1891); "Life's Little Ironies" (1894); "The Three Wayfarers" (1893); "Wessex Poems" (1898); "Times' Laughing Stock" (1910); "Satires of Circumstance" (1915); "The Dynasts," etc.
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Hardy, Thomas
Thomas (1840-), an English novelist. He was born in Dorsetshire. He studied architecture and practiced his profession for some years, but since 1873 has devoted his time to literature. Among his best known novels may be mentioned Far from the Madding Crowd, The Return of the Native, Two on a Tower, Tess of the D'Urbervilles, The Three Wayfarers, and Under the Greenwood Tree. Hardy is recognized as the foremost of living English novelists.
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Hare
AUGUSTUS JOHN CUTH- BERT, an English descriptive writer; born in Rome, Italy, March 13, 1834. He was a graduate of Oxford. The son of his a rich father, he was enabled from earliest youth to gratify a taste for travel, on descriptions of which his fame efchiefly rests. Among his happiest forts are: "A Winter at Mentone" (1861); "Walks in Rome" (1870); "Wanderings in Spain" (1872); "Walks Paris" in London" (1877); "Days Near (1887); and a narrative of travel in southern France. A volume of personal recollections (1895) has been widely read. Died 1903.
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