Hawthorn
a shrub or small tree. The botanical name is Crataegus. It is a member of the rose family and is closely related to the apple. Bailey's Cyclopedia describes twenty-one species. The hawthorn of English literature is midway between a shrub and a small tree. It grows to a height of fifteen feet. It has spreading branches and stout spines. It bears rounded corymbs of fragrant flowers. The scarlet fruit is globular, and is from one-third to half an inch in diameter. The hawthorn has strong wood and heavy spines, making it suitable for hedges. It grows wild in northern Africa, the greater part of Europe, and in western Asia. It has been introduced into the United States . Washington planted a hedge at Mt. Vernon. The hawthorn is a favorite with the English poets. See Apple The hawthorn whitens; and the juicy groves Put forth their buds.--Thomson. The hawthorn bush, with seats beneath the shade, for talking age and whispering lovers made.--Goldsmith.
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Hawthorne (HILDEGARDE an American writer)
HILDEGARDE, an American writer, born in New York, the daughter of Julian Hawthorne. She was educated privately and abroad. Her published writings include "A Country Interlude" (1904); "Poems" (1904); "Essays" (1907); "Old Seaport Towns of New England" (1916); "Rambles Through College Towns" (1917); and Girls in " Bookland" (1917). She was a frequent contributor to magazines and in 1918-1919 was engaged in war work in France for the Y. M. C. A. and the American Red Cross.
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Hawthorne (JULIAN an American novelist)
JULIAN, an American novelist and journalist, son of Nathaniel; born in Boston, June 22, 1846. On leaving Harvard University he studied civil engineering in Dresden, but took to authorship: "Idolatry," " Fortune's Fool," "Sinfire," "Beatrix Randolph," "Archibald Malmaison," "A Fool of Nature," "Garth"; "A History of the United States" (1899-1912); " Hawthorne and His Circle" cle" (1903); "The Subterranean Brotherhood" (1914).
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Hawthorne, Julian
Julian (1846-), an American novelist and miscellaneous writer. He is the son of Nathaniel Hawthorne. He was born in Boston. He received his education at Harvard University and at Dresden, where he studied civil engineering. Finding a more congenial occupation in literature, he has devoted himself to that pursuit since the early seventies. His principal novels are Bressant, Garth, Sebastian Strome, Archibald Malmaison, A Fool of Nature. Nathaniel Hawthorne and His Wife ranks among the best of biographies. Saxon Studies, Confessions and Criticisms, are works of a critical nature.
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Hay (JOHN an American statesman)
JOHN, an American statesman and writer, born in Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838. He was graduated from Brown University, and settled in Illinois as a lawyer, but went to Washington in 1861 as one of Lincoln's private secretaries, acting also as his aide-decamp. He served under Generals Hunter and Gillmore with the rank of major and assistant adjutant-general. He was subsequently in the United States diplomatic service, stationed at Paris, Vienna, and he was made ambas- Madrid. In 1897 sador to England, and in 1898 Secretary of State. His literary reputation rests upon "Pike County Ballads," the best known of which are perhaps "Little " and "Jim Bludso"; "Casti- Breeches lian Days" and "Life of Abraham Lincoln" (with J. G. Nicolay). He died July 1, 1905.
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Hay (Stems and leaves of grasses)
the stems and leaves of grasses 1 and other plants cut for fodder, dried in the sun, and stored usually in stacks. ! The time most suitable for mowing grass intended for hay is that in which the saccharine matter is most abundant in the plants, viz., when the grass is in full flower. For the operation of mowing, dry weather, and, if possible, that in which sunshine prevails, is chosen. Care must be taken to avoid haymaking either under a scorching sun or during the prevalence of rain, and the heaps should never be opened in the morning till the disappearance ance of the dew. dew. On large large farms the work is performed by haymakperformed ing machines in conjunction with other agricultural implements. The total hay crop in the United States for 1920 was estimated at 108,- 233,000 tons, with a farm value of $1,809,162,000, and the total acreage at 72,830,000 acres. The greatest hay producing States were New York, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Ohio, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, South Dakota, Kansas, Pennsylvania, Iowa, and California.
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Hay Fever
a distressing affection of the mucous lining of the eyes, nose, mouth, throat, and bronchial tubes. It is brought on occasionally by intense mental agony, but is due, for the most part, to the inhaling of a poison-making pollen from certain plants. It appears at the haying season or in the autumn, and has been attributed popularly to the pollen of goldenrod and ragweed. Eminent medical authority, however, assigns the cause to the pollen of certain grasses. The utmost endeavors to produce symptoms of hay fever with other pollens have failed, but the pollen of a number of grasses produces a slight attack, which, by way of inoculation, prevents the occurrence of the disease. The readiest cure for hay fever is residence in mountainous or pine forest regions.
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Hay Rope
Hay twisted into rope to any desired thickness, and used for wrapping core-barrels before the clay and loam is applied, its purpose being to cover the vent-holes in the barrel, and at the same time serve as a medium for carrying the loam. When the molten metal covers the core, the gases generated in the sand enter the hay rope and pass into the barrel through the vent-holes provided. Straw, and meadow as well as prairie hay, are also employed for making these ropes. See CORE-BARREL; ORDNANCE; HAY-ROPE TWISTER.
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Haydn
JOSEPH, a German musical composer; born in Rohrau, on the borders of Hungary and Austria, in 1732. On account of the excellence of his voice he was appointed a choir-boy at St. Stephen's Church, Vienna. Having made the acquaintance of Metastasio, Porpora, and Gluck, Haydn gradually attracted public attention, was appointed organist to two churches, and obtained many pupils. From 1761 to 1790 he was musical director to Prince Esterhazy, and composed during this period some 120 symphonies for the orchestra, 12 operas, etc. In 1791 and 1794 he visited England, staying there nearly three years altogether, and writing his opera "Orpheus and Eurydice." In 1798 he published his oratorio of the "Creation," and in 1800 that of the "Seasons." His last public appearance was at a performance of his "Creation" in 1808. He may be said to be the originator of the symphony and of the stringed quartette. He died in 1809.
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