Single-source entries: H (30)

Hesperetic Acid

in chemistry, C10H10O4, obtained by the action of alkalis on hesperidin. It melts at 225°. Fused with caustic potash, it is decomposed into acetic and protocatechuic acids, hydrogen being liberated.

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Hesperetin

in chemistry, C6H5O2-C10H2O3. It is obtained along with glucose by the action of dilute acids on hesperidin. It is recrystallized from ether; the crystals are white, and melt at 223°. Hesperetin is really insoluble in alcohol. Heated to 100° with caustic potash, it yields hesperetic acid and phloro-glucin.

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Hesperidin

or HESPERIDINE, in chemistry, C22H26012, a glucoside extracted from dry, unripe bitter oranges.

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Hesse-Cassel

till 1866 a German electorate, since then forming the government district of Cassel in the Prussian province of HESSE-NASSAU (q. v.); area, 3,700 square miles. The landgraviate of Hesse-Cassel was formed by William IV., eldest son of Philip the Magnanimous, who died in 1567. Constituted an electorate in 1803, it was occupied by the French in 1806, incorporated with Westphalia in 1807, and constituted an electorate in 1813. The elector having joined Austria in 1866, Hesse-Cassel was incorporated with Prussia, as part of the province of Hesse-Nassau.

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Hesse-Homburg

a former landgraviate of Germany; consisted of the provinces of Homburg and Meisenheim. The male line of Hesse-Homburg became extinct by the death of the landgrave Ferdinand, March 24, 1866; the state was incorporated with Hesse-Darmstadt, but later that year was ceded to Prussia and since then forms part of Prussian Hesse-Nassau.

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Hesse-Nassau

a province of Prussia, incorporated by decree of Dec. 7, 1868, by the union of the province of Upper Hesse (formerly a portion of the grand-duchy of Hesse) with the former duchy of Nassau; area, 6,060 square miles; pop. about 2,500,000. The most important city of the province is FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN (q. v.). The province is also known throughout the world for its numerous mineral springs and health resorts, among which the most important are Homburg, Wiesbaden, Ems, and Selters. Its mineral deposits, especially iron ore and coal, are important. HESSIAN FLY (Cecidomyia destructor), a fly of the family Tipulidæ, of the order Diptera (two-winged flies), the larva of which is very destructive to wheat, barley, and rye crops (it does not attack oats). It is so named from the belief that it was brought over to America by the Hessian mercenaries during the Revolutionary War. The female flies usually lay their eggs on the young plants twice in the year, in May and September, out of which the maggots hatch in from 4 to 14 days. It has long been a pest in the United States and Germany, but did not appear in Great Britain till the summer of 1886.

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Hessian Crucible

A triangular-shaped crucible, made from the best fire-clay and coarse sand. They are a cheap kind, and come in nests of sizes from 2 to 8 inches high. They are usually for experimental purposes, and seldom last but once. See CRUCIBLE.

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Hessite

an orthorhombic gray sectile mineral of metallic luster. Hardtion: Tellurium, 37.2; silver, 62.8 = 100. Found in the Altai Mountains in a talcose rock, also in Transylvania and Hungary.

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Hestia

hes'ti-a, in Greek mythology, the goddess of the hearth. She was the daughter of Cronus and Rhea. She was considered the guardian of family life, and, as the state was looked upon as a great family, a fire was kindled to Hestia at every public resort. If a colony was to be established in any new place, the emigrants were careful to take with them some portion of the fire sacred to Hestia that the favor of the goddess might be with them in their new abode. Hestia was identified with the Roman Vesta, and her worship in Greece was similar to that of Vesta in Rome. See Vesta

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Heterocercal

a term introduced by Agassiz to designate the unsymmetrical tail of elasmobranch and most ganoid fishes, in which the vertebral axis is bent upward in the tail, making the upper lobe much the larger.

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Heteropoda

an order of marine mollusks, the most highly organized of the Gasteropoda. In this verorder the foot is compressed into a tical muscular lamina, serving for a fin, and the gills, when present, are collected into a mass on the hinder part of the back. The chief genera are Carinaria and Firola.

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Hetman

or ATAMAN, the title of the head (general) of the Cossacks.

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Heulandite

a monoclinic, transparent or translucent brittle mineral, of pearly luster, and white, red, gray, or brown color.

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Hewes

JOSEPH, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, born at Kingston, N. J., in 1730. In 1763 he moved to Edenton, N. C., and in 1774 was elected to the Continental Congress, of which he was a member until his death in 1779.

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Hewitt

PETER COOPER, an American engineer and inventor, born in New York City in 1861, the son of Abram S. Hewitt and the grandson of Peter Cooper. In his early manhood he became eminent as a scientist and was chosen director of the Cooper-Hewitt Electric Co. and other corporations. He was the inventor of the Cooper-Hewitt Mercury Vapor Electric Lamp, the Cooper-Hewitt Mercury Vapor Rectifier and many other important inventions relating to electricity, and also made important discoveries in relation to wireless electricity. He was a member of many scientific societies and received honorary degrees from Columbia University and Rutgers College.

ABRAM STEVENS, an American statesman; born in Haverstraw, N. Y., July 31, 1822. He was graduated at Columbia College; was commissioner to the French Exposition of 1867; member of Congress 1875- 1879 and 1881-1886; mayor of New York 1887-1888; -1888; secretary of the Cooper Union, New York. He was a high authority on all questions relating to iron. He died in New York City, Jan. 18, 1903.

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Hewlett

MAURICE HENRY, an English novelist and poet; born in London, Jan. 22, 1861. Educated at London International College, and admitted to the bar in 1891. From 1896 to 1900 he served as Keeper of Land Revenue Records and Enrolments, a post which his father Henry Gay Hewlett had filled before him. He first gained international reputation with a brilliant dieval romance, "The Forest Lovers" (1898), and followed that with several other tales of olden times notable for creative imagination and rare beauty of style. His books include: "Songs and Meditations," poems (1896); "The For- MAURICE H. HEWLETT est Lovers" (1898); "Pan and the Young Shepherd" (1898); "Little Novels of Italy" (1899); "Richard Yea-and-Nay" (1900); "New Canterbury Tales" (1901); ; "The Queen's Quair" (1904); "The Road in Tuscany" (1904); "Fond Adventures" and "The Fool Errant" (1905); "The Stooping Lady" (1907); "The Spanish Jade" and "Halfway House" (1908); "Open Country" (1909); "Rest Harrow" (1910); "The Agonists' (1911); "Mrs. Lancelot" (1912); "Bendish" (1913); "A Lovers' Tale" (1915); "The Little Iliad" (1915); "The Song of the Plow" (1916); "Peridore and Paravail" (1917); etc.

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