Holcus
a genus of grasses (order Gramineæ), extremely common in some pastures, where they are called soft grasses. H. saccharatus contains a large quantity of sugar, and H. odoratus is celebrated for its fragrance. There are only two species native to Great Britain, woolly soft grass or meadow soft grass (H. lanatus) and creeping-rooted soft grass (H. mollis). H. lanatus is the only North American species.
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Hold
the whole interior cavity or belly of a ship, or all that part of her inside which is comprehended between the floor and the lower deck throughout her length.
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Holden
EDWARD SINGLETON, an American astronomer; born in St. Louis, Mo., Nov. 5, 1846; was graduated at Washington University in 1866; and at the United States Military Academy in 1870; Professor of Mathematics at the Naval Academy in 1873-1881; president of the University of California in 1885-1888; director of the Lick Observatory in 1888-1898; he was then appointed astronomer of the Smithsonian Institution. His publications include "Astronomy for Students" (with Simon Newcomb); "Monograph of the Central Parts of the Nebula of Orion"; "Astronomical Bibliography"; "Handbook of Lick Observatory"; "Essays in Astronomy" (1900); "The Sciences" (1903); "Galileo" (1905). He died in 1914.
CHARLES FREDERICK, an American naturalist; born in Lynn, Mass., 1851. He was assistant at the American Museum of Natural History, New York, from 1870 to 1877. He wrote: "Marvels of Animal Life"; "Wonder Wings"; "A Frozen Dragon, and Other Tales," a natural-history story-book for young people; "Life of Agassiz"; "Big Game at Sea"; "Game Fishes of the World" (1911); "The Ocean" (1913); "Angling Adventures Around the World" (1914). He died in 1915.
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Holding
the term in Scots law used to denote the manner in which heritable estate is holden, and corresponding to tenure in English law.
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Holigarna
a genus of plants, order Anacardiaceæ. The fruits of the species H. longifolia, with those of another plant of the same order, furnish the black varnish of Sylhet, which is much used in India for lacquer work.
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Holkar
the name of a powerful Mahratta family, the members of which have at various times been formidable enemies to the British Empire in India. The founder of the family was Mulhar Rao Holkar, born in the Deccan, 1693. HOLLAND. See NETHERLANDS, THE.
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Hollander
JACOB HARRY, an American economist; born in Baltimore in 1871. He graduated from Johns Hopkins University in 1891 and was associate professor professor of finance at that institution until 1900, when he became assistant professor of political economy. In 1904 he was appointed full professor in this subject. He was secretary of the Bimetallic Commission in 1897. While engaged in financial work in Porto Rico he was appointed treasurer of that island by President McKinley. After introducing a successful tax system, he resigned in 1901. He was special commissioner to investigate financial conditions in San Domingo and until 1908 was financial advisor of the Dominican Republic. He published much on economic subjects. His writings include "A Study in Municipal Activity" (1894); "David Ricardo" (1911); "The Abolition of Poverty" (1914). (1914)
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Holles
DENZIL, LORD (holz), an English patriot; born in Houghton, Nottinghamshire, in 1599. He entered Parliament in 1624, 162 and at once joined the party opposed to the king's government. He was one of the members of Parliament whom Charles accused of high treason and attempted to arrest in 1642. He was a foremost leader of the Presbyterian party. For having in 1647 proposed to disband the army he was accused of high treason and fled to Normandy. After Cromwell's death, Holles set to work to effect the restoration of the Stuarts; he carried the invitation of recall to Charles at Breda. In 1661 he was created Lord Holles of Isfield. He negotiated the treaty of Breda in 1667. : He died Feb. 17, 1680.
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Holley
ALEXANDER LYMAN, an American metallurgist; born in Lakeville, Conn., July 20, 1832; was graduated at Brown University in 1853. About 1863 he went to England and purchased for Corning, Winslow & Co. the Bessemer patents for the manufacture of steel. The first Bessemer works were built by him in Troy, N. Y., in 1865, and the second plant in Harrisburg, Pa., in 1867. He was Lecturer on the Manufacture of Iron and Steel at Columbia University in 1879-1882. Holley secured about 16 patents, of which the most important was probably that for the detached converter-shell, an improvement in the Bessemer process. His publications include "The Permanent Way and Coal-burning Locomotives of European Railways, with a Comparison of the Working Economy of European and American Lines (1858); "American and European Railway Practice" (1860); "A Treatise on Ordnance and Armor" (1865); etc. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 29, 1882. A colossal bronze bust of him has been placed in Washington Square Park, New York City, as a testimonial from the mechanical engineers of the United States and Europe.
MARIETTA, an American author; born in Ellisburg, N. Y., in 1844. The most noted of her works are: "My Opinions and Betsey Bobbet's," and "Josiah Allen's Wife. "Samantha at Saratoga" (1887) was followed by the adventures of this character in Europe, at the Exposition, among Colored Folk, etc. "Poems" (1886); "Samantha on Women's Rights" (1913); "Josiah Allen on Women's Rights" (1914).
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Holley, Marietta
Marietta (1844-), an American author better known by her pseudonym of Josiah Allen's Wife. She was born in Jefferson County, New York . Her first literary work was in the form of contributions to the Christian Union, Independent, Peterson's Magazine, and other periodicals. Her first book was, My Opinions and Betsy Bobbet's. This was followed by Samantha at the Centennial, My Wayward Pardner, Sweet Cicely, Samantha at Saratoga, Samantha among the Brethren, Samantha at the World's Fair. Miss Holley's writings have been immensely popular. They are of a humorous character, but "Samantha" is, after all, characterized by great good sense.
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Hollingshead
JOHN, an English journalist; born in Hoxton, Sept. 9, 1827. He was a constant contributor to "Household Words," "All the Year Round," etc. In 1868 he became lessee and manager of the Gaiety Theater. His works include: "Under Bow Bells"; " Rubbing the Gilt Off"; "Ragged London"; "Mis- : cellanies Stories and Essays"; "Footlights." Died in 1904.
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