Hosmer
JAMES KENDALL, an American author; born in Northfield, graduated from Mass., in 1834. He also Harvard University in 1855 and 1859. He Harvard Divinity School in , Mass. was Unitarian pastor of Deerfield , in the meanfrom 1860 to 1866, serving . He time in the Civil War as private and English was Professor of Rhetoric to 1872 at Antioch College from 1866 , Professor of and from 1872 to 1874 was English and History at the University to 1892 he was of Missouri. From 1874 Professor of English and German Liter- , and ature at Washington University librarian of the from 1892 to 1894, Minneapolis Public Library. He was Assopresident of the American Library ciation in 1902 and 1903. His published of German works include "Short History " Literature" (1878); "Story of the Jews Adams" (1885); "Life of Samuel (1885); "Short History of Anglo-Saxon Civil Freedom" (1890); "History of the "American War in America" (in the Expedition of Nation" series, 1907); " Journal of Lewis and Clark" (1902); " John Winthrop" (1908), etc.
HARRIET, an American sculptor; born in Watertown, Mass., Oct. her 9, 1830; studied at Rome; and among best-known works are "Ideal Heads of Medusa," "Puck," "The Daphne and Faun," "Bea- Sleeping Faun," "Waking trice Cenci"; statues of Thomas H. Benton, Queen Isabella, and the Queen of Naples; and a number of ornamental died Feb. 21, 1908. fountains. She
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Hosmer, Harriet
Harriet (1830-), an American sculptor. She was born in Watertown, Massachusetts. She showed skill in modeling in clay at an early age, and for that reason was given a course in anatomy at a St. Louis medical college. Her first work was a reduced copy of Canova's Napoleon. In 1852 Miss Hosmer studied in Rome under John Gibson, the English sculptor. Her most important works are Puck; Oenone, a life sized figure; ideal heads of Daphne and Medusa; statues of Beatrice Cenci, Zenobia, Lincoln, and Benton; the Sleeping Faun and the Waking Faun.
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Hospice
a little convent order, occupied belonging to a religious receive by a few monks, and destined to houses and entertain traveling monks; or for travelof refuge and entertainment the ers on some difficult road or pass, as Hospice of the Great St. Bernard.
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Hospital Corps
UNITED STATES, a body of men attached to the United States army, whose duty it is to perform the duties connected with the eld hospital and ambulance service field under officials of the Medical Department. The recruits belonging to to the corps are trained for the special services required of them, such as the giving of first aid to the wounded, the conveyance of stretchers and the handling of ambulances. While the members of the corps are given a certain amount of military instruction, and are subjected to the physical training of ordinary enlisted men, this is only given in view of emergencies, and they are not provided with arms. Military posts are all provided with units of the Hospital Corps, one non-commissioned officer to each four privates. During war these numbers are increased and regiments are accompanied by Hospital Corps detachments, with post surgeons, non-commissioned officers and privates in proportion to eventualities. The corps in war works in connection with the Red Cross, the Sanitary Service, and the other services having a common purpose, but the work is subdivided, so that there is no overlapping from the time the soldier is wounded till his removal to base hospital and home territory.
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Hospitallers
or ORDER OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM, a military order originated in a monastery, chapel, and hospital, founded at Jerusalem by some merchants of Amalphi, in 1048. In 1099 the hospital received increased territories from Godfrey de Bouillon, who transferred its government from the monks to his knights. In 1113 they were confirmed as a spiritual order by Pope Pascal II. The Hospitallers greatly distinguished themselves in the crusades at Jerusalem in 1152, and at Acre in 1191. In 1308 their order was united with that of St. Samson of Jerusalem. They conquered Rhodes, Aug. 15, 1309. Their wealth was much increased in 1311 by the addition of the possessions of the suppressed Templars. In 1321 they defeated the Turks in a great naval battle, and in 1341 took Smyrna. They took Alexandria in 1365, and in 1480 compelled Mohammed II. to retreat from Rhodes. In 1498 the possessions of the dissolved orders of the Holy Sepulcher and of St. Lazarus were bestowed upon the Hospitallers. In 1522 they were compelled to quit Rhodes by Soliman II., who besieged their garrison, and in 1530 they were allowed to settle in Malta.
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Hospodar
a Slavonic title once commonly given to the governors of Moldavia and Wallachia. Lithuanian princes and Polish kings also bore the title.
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Host
the consecrated bread or wafer used by the Roman Catholic Church in her celebration of the eucharist. It is unleavened, thin, flat, and of circular form, and has certain mystic signs impressed on its surface. The host is supposed after being blessed to be no longer bread and wine, but to be transformed into the real body and blood of Christ.
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Hostage
a person given in pledge or security for the performance of certain conditions, or for the the safety of others.
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Hostilia & Hymettus
Hostilia A small town in Gallia Cisalpina, on the Po, and on the road from Mutina to Verona ; the birthplace of Cornelius Nepos. ; Hymettus A mountain of Attica , about two miles from Athens , famous for its bees and honey.
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Hot and Cold Blast
When the stream of air forced through a furnace is drawn direct from the atmosphere, it is called cold-blast; when it is heated to 500 deg. before it enters the furnace, it is called hot-blast. The combustible gases which come from the stack are invariably used to heat the air in a kind of oven built near the top of the stack, and surmounted by a chimney which draws off some portion. In this oven a series of pipes are built, around which the fire plays whilst the air is being forced through them before it enters the furnace. A considerable saving of heat is effected by this method, the reduction of the most refractory ores being accomplished in less time and with a less expenditure for fuel than the cold blast. As the melting metal necessarily comes in contact with less fuel, and as a less quantity of air enters the furnace, the chemical reactions are somewhat modified, but there does not seem to be any appreciable difference in the quality of the product. See BLAST-FURNACE; BLAST.
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