Hospitallers
or ORDER OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM, a military order originated in a monastery, chapel, and hospital, founded at Jerusalem by some merchants of Amalphi, in 1048. In 1099 the hospital received increased territories from Godfrey de Bouillon, who transferred its government from the monks to his knights. In 1113 they were confirmed as a spiritual order by Pope Pascal II. The Hospitallers greatly distinguished themselves in the crusades at Jerusalem in 1152, and at Acre in 1191. In 1308 their order was united with that of St. Samson of Jerusalem. They conquered Rhodes, Aug. 15, 1309. Their wealth was much increased in 1311 by the addition of the possessions of the suppressed Templars. In 1321 they defeated the Turks in a great naval battle, and in 1341 took Smyrna. They took Alexandria in 1365, and in 1480 compelled Mohammed II. to retreat from Rhodes. In 1498 the possessions of the dissolved orders of the Holy Sepulcher and of St. Lazarus were bestowed upon the Hospitallers. In 1522 they were compelled to quit Rhodes by Soliman II., who besieged their garrison, and in 1530 they were allowed to settle in Malta.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Hospodar
a Slavonic title once commonly given to the governors of Moldavia and Wallachia. Lithuanian princes and Polish kings also bore the title.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Host
the consecrated bread or wafer used by the Roman Catholic Church in her celebration of the eucharist. It is unleavened, thin, flat, and of circular form, and has certain mystic signs impressed on its surface. The host is supposed after being blessed to be no longer bread and wine, but to be transformed into the real body and blood of Christ.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Hostage
a person given in pledge or security for the performance of certain conditions, or for the the safety of others.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Hostilia & Hymettus
Hostilia A small town in Gallia Cisalpina, on the Po, and on the road from Mutina to Verona ; the birthplace of Cornelius Nepos. ; Hymettus A mountain of Attica , about two miles from Athens , famous for its bees and honey.
Only in 1000 Classical Characters
Hot and Cold Blast
When the stream of air forced through a furnace is drawn direct from the atmosphere, it is called cold-blast; when it is heated to 500 deg. before it enters the furnace, it is called hot-blast. The combustible gases which come from the stack are invariably used to heat the air in a kind of oven built near the top of the stack, and surmounted by a chimney which draws off some portion. In this oven a series of pipes are built, around which the fire plays whilst the air is being forced through them before it enters the furnace. A considerable saving of heat is effected by this method, the reduction of the most refractory ores being accomplished in less time and with a less expenditure for fuel than the cold blast. As the melting metal necessarily comes in contact with less fuel, and as a less quantity of air enters the furnace, the chemical reactions are somewhat modified, but there does not seem to be any appreciable difference in the quality of the product. See BLAST-FURNACE; BLAST.
Only in The Encyclopedia of Founding
Hot Bed
a bed or stratum of stablelitter, tan, dead leaves, leaves, etc., in a state of fermentation, and therefore emitting heat heat, covered with a layer of earth, the whole having a glazed box surmounting it. A hot bed is used for the growth of melons, cucumbers, etc., or to afford temporary protection to seeds unlikely to germinate vigorously in the open air.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Hot Blast
a stream of air forced through a furnace and heated to 500° or 600°. The combustible gases from the stack are generally used to heat the For this purpose a kind of oven is built near the top of the stack,sur mounted by a kind of chimney which draws off a portion of the inflamed gas. In this oven is a series of pipes through which the air is forced before it enters the stack. The hot blast effects a saving of heat, and accomplishes the reduction of the most refractory ores in less time and with a less expenditure of fuel than the cold blast.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Hotbed
a frame in which to hasten the early growth of plants. The foundation of the common hotbed is a pit filled with a fermenting, heat-giving substance. Horse manure is considered excellent. The amount should vary with the locality. A depth of eighteen inches is regarded as sufficient for zero weather. This may be covered with a layer of earth in which seeds or slips are planted. The whole is protected with a frame and covered with glass. The top of the frame should slope to the south to catch the rays of the sun. The sash cover should be hinged so that it may be raised for ventilation during the heat of the day. The sash may be covered by matting during cold nights. Hotbeds are less expensive than greenhouses. They are relied on to bring forward young plants of lettuce, cabbage, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, cucumbers, and the like, so as to have them ready for transplanting in the open air when warm weather comes. See Greenhouse
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia
Hotchkiss
BENJAMIN BERKE- LEY, an American inventor; born in Watertown, Conn., Oct. 1, 1826; was in early life a machinist and turned his attention to the invention of deadly weapons, most notable of which is the HOTCHKISS GUN (q. v.). He died in Paris, Feb. 14, 1885.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Hothouse
. See Greenhouse
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia
Houdon
2026 Editor's Note: This page uses language about race that was commonplace when the book was published and is offensive by today's standards. The text has been left exactly as it was printed, rather than cut or softened, so that the historical record — including how ordinary such language once was — is preserved. (Ed: ET 2026-07-22) JEAN ANTOINE (ö-dâng'), a French sculptor; born in Versailles, March 20, 1740. After studying ng in in Italy he returned to Paris and executed the busts of Voltaire, Rousseau, Molière, Franklin, Buffon, Catherine II., etc. He became, in 1778, member and professor of the Academy of Fine Arts. He was invited to the United States and carved the statue of Washington , now at the Virginia State capitol in Richmond, which is considered the most authentic likeness of "the father of his country." Houdon died in Paris, July 15, 1828.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia