Howitzer
a cannon, differing from ordinary guns in being lighter in proportion to its shorter and bore, and used for throwing shells or case-shot only, with comparatively small World War (1914charges. In the 1918) the Germans used extensively and mortars, especially heavy howitzers the 11-inch guns made by Krupp and Eberhardt. These were effective in reducing the Belgian forts, which were not equipped with sufficiently heavy armament to retaliate. The French employed later the 11-inch Schneider howitzer but not on such a large scale as the Germans, who were also the first to transport guns on wheels and fire from that position. The United States army uses the 3-inch mountain gun, or howitzer, and a 6-inch forms part of heavy field artillery.
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Howling Monkey
in zoology, Mycetes, a genus of Cedibæ, and specially Mycetes ursinus. The name "howling" is giv given from the loud and resonant voice. The animals are clumsy in make, heavy in their movement, and hang on trees by their long prehensile tails. They inhabit the warmer parts of the New World. They are the largest monkeys in South and Central America. Called also howlers.
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Howrah
a town of India, in the presidency of Bengal. It is on the right bank of the Hugli river, opposite Calcutta, of which it forms suburb. a There are manufactures of iron, rope, cottonseed oil, and machinery. It is the seat of the Sibpur Civil Engi eering College. Pop. about 180,000.
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Howth
a town of Ireland on the peninsula which forms the N. boundary of the bay of Dublin, 8 miles E. N. E. of the city. It is a watering-place much resorted to by the residents of Dublin.
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Howze
ROBERT LEE, an American army officer; born in Rusk co., Tex., in 1864. He graduated at Hubbard College in 1883 and from the United States Military Academy in 1888. He was made second lieutenant in the same year and served in the cavalry regiment until 1896. He was captain and assistant adjutant-general of volunteers during the Spanish-American War in 1898. After serving in various regiments, he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers in 1901. He was honorably discharged in the same year. From 1901 to 1904 he was major of the Porto Rico regiment of infantry. From 1905 to 1909 he was commandant of cadets of the United States Military Academy, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. colonel' After further service in Porto Rico and other places he was appointed lieutenantcolonel of cavalry in 1916, and was detailed to the general staff of the 10th Provisional Division and of the cavalry division, and in 1917 was assigned chief of staff of the Northeastern Department. He was brigadier-general in the National army in 1918. He was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor in 1891 for gallantry in Indian campaigns.
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Hoxie
VINNIE REAM, an Ameri can sculptor; born in Madison, Wis., Sept. 23, 1847; received an academic education; obtained a government clerkship and turned her attention to sculpture; executed busts of Grant, Sherman, and others and a statue of Lincoln for 1 the National Capitol. Her other works include ideal statues of "Sappho"; "The Spirit of the Carnival"; the heroic statue of Farragut, Washington, and in 1911 she was commissioned to execute a statue of Sequoyah, to represent Oklahoma, for the Hall of Statues at the Capitol. She died in 1914.
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Hoy
an island of the Orkneys, Scotland, separated from the mainland of Scotland by the Pentland Firth, and from the largest island of the Orkneys, known as Mainland, by the Sound of Hoy. It is about 13 miles long and 6 broadermountainous Itands heathycellent harbor, Long-Hope. At the S. W. of the island there is a detached pillar of rock 450 feet high, known as the Old Man of Hoy.
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Hoyt
CHARLES HALE, an American playwright; born at Concord, N. H., in 1860. He was educated in the public schools of Boston and following a period passed in the cattle business in the West, entered newspaper work. For several years he was musical and dramatic critic of the "Boston Post." He turned to the writing of plays and produced a series of farcical comedies which in their presentation of certain phases of American life have never been surpassed. The best known of these are "A Trip to Chinatown" (1890), and "A Milk-White Flag" (1893). He was twice elected a member of the New Hampshire Legislature. He died in 1900.
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Hozumi
BARON NOBUSHIGE, a Japanese statesman and author. He was born in 1855, and was educated at Tokyo University, at Middle Temple, London, and at Berlin University. He became a member of the House of Peers in 1890-92, and with two colleagues drafted the present Japanese Civil Code. He is Privy Counsellor, chairman of the Association of Doctors of Law, chairman of the 1st Section in the Imperial HRDLICKA tor Worship and Japanese Law"; "The New Japanese Civil Codes as Material for the Study of Comparative Jurisprudence"; "Hoten-ron, or Treatise on Codification"; "Inkyo-ron, or Treatise on Retirement from House-headship"; "Goningumi, or System of Mutual Help and Supervision among Five Families."
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Hrdlicka
ALES, an American anthropologist, born in Bohemia in 1869. He was educated in his native country, but coming to the United States he studied medicine at the New York Eclectic College and other medical colleges. From 1894 to 1899 he carried on investigations among the insane and other defective classes for New York State. After several years spent in study at Paris and other European cities, he took charge of several expeditions for the American Museum of Natural History. From 1898 to 1903 he was assistant curator in charge of the division of physical anthropology in that institution. From 1901 to 1908 he was assistant editor of the "American Naturalist." He was in charge of several expeditions sent by the American Museum of Natural History for Mexico, and was a member of many scientific societies. His studies on anthropology are regarded as most important.
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Hsuan T'Ung
a Chinese emperor and the last of the Manchu line. Selected by the famous Dowager Empress because of his youth so that she could continue her dominance. The Empress died, however, Nov. 15, 1908-the day on which Hsuan T'ung succeeded to the throne, his father being appointed regent. A policy of liberal measures was inaugurated calculated to check the revolt against the dynasty, but it was too late. On Feb. 12, 1912, the emperor was compelled to abdicate, receiving a palace and a pension for life from the new government.
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