Humane Association
AMERI- CAN, a federation of approximately 300 societies which has for its object the prevention of cruelty to children and to animals. It originated in a meeting held in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1877 which had before it the question of providing proper facilities for cattle in transit from West to the East. Owing to the efforts of the society the cars were improved and the former cruelties were held to be illegal by the courts. It has also interested itself to prevent the abuses of vivisection as practiced in the schools and colleges. The membership of the societies represented in the federation is nearly 150,000.
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Humane Society
THE, an association formed in 1774 in London, England, for the purpose of resuscitating those who had been immersed in water and were apparently drowned. At the present time it distributes rewards, consisting of medals, clasps, testimonials, and sums of money, to those who save or attempt to save life from drowning. Also "all cases of exceptional bravery in rescuing or attempting to rescue persons from asphyxia in mines, wells, blast-furnaces, or in sewers where foul gas may endanger life, are recognizable by the society." It likewise gives prizes for swimming to the pupils of public schools and of training-ships. The society is supported by bequests and private subscriptions. Since 1873 the Stanhope gold medal has been awarded "to the case exhibiting greatest gallantry during the year."
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Humanists
a party which, during the Renaissance of the 16th century, cultivated literature, especially classical literature. Erasmus is the great type of the humanist, as Luther is of the religious reformer.
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Humanitarians
a name assigned to anti-Trinitarians, who regard Christ as a mere man, and refuse to ascribe to Him any supernatural character, whether of origin rigin or of nature. The name Humanitarian is also sometimes applied to the disciples of St. Simon. For the religion of Humanity, see POSI- TIVISM; UNITARIAN CHURCH.
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Humanities
a term for humane or polite literature, including the study of the ancient classics, in opposition to philosophy and science. In the Scotch universities "humanity" is applied to the study of the Latin language and literature alone.
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Humber (Chief of the Huns defeated)
chief of the Huns, defeated by Locrin, King of England, and drowned in the river Abus, ever since called the Humber. HUMBERT I., Italian UMBERTO (öm-ber'tō), King of Italy; born in Turin, March 14, 1844. He was the eldest son of Victor Emmanuel. In the war of 1866, in which Italy joined Prussia against Austria, he took the field in command of a division, and distinguished himself by his bravery in the disastrous battle of Custozza. In 1868 he married his cousin, Margherita, daughter of Duke Ferdinand of Genoa. He succeeded his father Jan. 9, 1878, and was assassinated in Monza, near Milan, July 29, 1900.
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Humber (Large river or rather estuary)
a large river, or rather estuary, on the E. side of England, between the counties of York and Lincoln. At its W. extremity it is joined by the Ouse, after the latter has been augmented by the Derwent and Aire; below Goole it receives the Don, lower down the Trent, and still lower the Hull from the opposite side. It is about 35 miles long, and varies in breadth from 1 to 7 miles.
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Humble-Bee
in entomology, the genus Bombus, called also and more accurately the bumble-bee. Darwin has shown that the humble-bees fertilize various plants by unintentionally brushing off the pollen when they are seeking honey in one flower, and carrying it, adhering to the hairs of their body, till they unwittingly clean it off against the pistil of some other individual of the same species.
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Humboldt
ALEXANDER VON (höm'bōlt), a distinguished German scientist; born in Berlin, Sept. 14, 1769. From childhood he delighted in zoölogical, physical, and geographical investigations. At 28, he began the series of voyages memorable in the annals of science. No name is likely ever to stand higher on his country's roll than his. The "Cosmos" is a sufficient proof. This monumental work on the physical universe was published in 4 volumes in 1845, 1847, 1850 and 1858 and immediately translated into all civilized languages. A book is needed to describe the extent of Humboldt's contribution to science. Consult Stoddart's "Life, Travels, and Books of A. von Humboldt."
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Humboldt (II)
WILHELM VON, a German philologist, brother of Alexander; born in Potsdam, June 22, 1767. He was educated at Göttingen, and devoted to philological and literary studies; but he had strong practical gifts and elevated social sympathies. In 1789 he visited Paris to study the French Revolution, with which he sympathized; from 1802 to 1819 he was in active official life; minister to Vienna, member of the Privy Council, Secretary of State, ambassador to London, etc.; finally quitting it in disgust at the corruption he would not share. Meantime and later he wrote critiques on Goethe and Homer, and scientific and literary monographs, and translated Æschylus and Pindar. His main work in philology is "On the Kawi Language of the Javanese," but he made other valuable studies of primitive dialects. He died in Tegel, near Berlin, April 8, 1835.
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Humboldt (River of Nevada rising)
a river of Nevada, rising in the N. E. part of the State, and flowing W. S. W. to Humboldt Sink, a lake over 40 miles in circumference, which has no outlet; outlet; length, nearly 350 miles. The river is unnavigable even for canoes. The region through which it flows is barren, and the banks are destitute of trees or shrubs. ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT
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Hume
hum, David (1711-1776), a Scotch man of letters. He was born and educated at Edinburgh. His studies at the University were designed to fit him for the law, but he took to literature. He studied three years in France. He made a living as a teacher and as a private secretary until appointed librarian at the University of Edinburgh. He wrote a number of works on philosophy, morals, and religion that have brought him little fame, but his History of England is a masterpiece. It is written in a clear, attractive style, hardly second to that of Macaulay. Hume was the first English historian to make place for chapter on literature and the condition of the common people. His history contains a few sentences that have warranted a charge of hostility to orthodoxy, but the high merit and originality of his work made it an undisputed standard until Green's history appeared. See Green ; Macaulay ; Hallam ; Lingard ; Froude
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