Ibrahim Pasha
a viceroy of Egypt; born in Cavella, Albania, in 1789. He was stepson and successor of Mehemet Ali. In 1819 he became generalissimo of the Egyptian army. In the course of a few campaigns he completely defeated the Wahabees in Arabia. He invaded the Morea in 1825, but the interof vention of the Powers in the affairs HENRIK IBSEN Greece compelled him to abandon his having enterprise in 1828. Mehemet Ali Syria to conceived the design of adding his dominions, Ibrahim crossed the an army in Octo- Egyptian border with , and ber, 1831, took Acre by storm of the quickly made himself master cifically lighter than water which is just concluded whole of Syria. A peace was not only conon May 4, 1833, the Turks generally at the surface of water. This senting to give up Syria, but also making personally, on a over Adana to Ibrahim broke out kind of lease. When war Ali and the Sulit again between Mehemet again successin the interference compelled Syrian con- 1848 Porte as viceroy he was installed by the of Egypt; but he died in Cairo, Nov. 9, 1848.
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Ibsen
HENRIK (ib'sen), a Norwegian novelist and dramatist; born in Skien, Norway, in 1828. His youth was passed in extreme poverty. At 16 he left school and became an apprentice in a drug store at Grimstad. He made several unsuccessful literary attempts, 1851, abandoned medicine, and finally, in was appointed by Ole Bull director of the National Theater at Bergen. In 1858 he became artistic director of the His Norwegian Theater at Christiania. best known dramas are: "The Doll's House " "Brand," "Hedda Gabler," "Ghosts," and "Pillars of Society." His plays are noted for discussions of social matters. He died May 22, 1906.
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Ibzan
the 10th judge of Israel, in 1182 b. c. His property is marked by the great number of his children (30 sons and 30 daughters), and his wealth by their marriages for they were all married.
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Ica
a river rising in Colom- 1,000 miles flowing about bia and nd through Colombia, Ecuador, and Brazil. Amazon. It empties into the
a government department of Peru; area 8,718 square miles. It is well watered, fertile and of growing importance. Pop. about 100,000.
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Icarian Sea
a portion of the Ægean sea, near the islands of Myconus and Gyarus, and by some who supposed to be named for Icarus, drowned. It exfell into it and was tended from Chios to Cos, where the Carpathian sea began.
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Ice Box
A box or chamber used when adjusting chronometers and fine watches for temperature. It is usually built in the form of a double box, the ice being placed between the two boxes and both boxes hermetically sealed, so that the movement may not come in contact with damp air. The outer box is provided with a drain pipe for carrying off the water and plate glass is inserted in the front of each box, so that the movement may be viewed without removing it from the box. The cover of the inner box should not be removed for at least two hours after it has been removed from the ice chamber in order to protect the steel work from rust caused by the condensation of the air in the cold metal.
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Ice Calorimeter
a method of determining specific heats by means of of ice. Black's calorimeter consists a center block of ice with a cavity in its , body, whose with a cover of ice. The , is raised specific heat is to be determined to a certain temperature, and then put the body falls to in the cavity. When is wiped 32° F., the freezing point, it clean, as is the cavity itself, with a cloth increase of previously weighed. The measures the ice conweight in the cloth deverted into water, whence may be body, the duced the specific heat of the numrule being that 79.25, or in round needed to bers 80 thermal units, are liquefy a pound of ice.
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Ice Crystals
hexagonal figures with angles of 60°, which water always liquid assumes when it passes from the to canthe solid state. The crystals of ice in freeznot ordinarily be seen, because ; but ing they are so crowded together act first on in thawing, the heat rays , dissolving the outsides of the crystals them to water. It was formerly supposed that ice was recently a brittle substance, and even as exas 1850 the motion of glaciers was the ice plained by the fine splitting of of the caused by the weight and pressure on the lower immense masses resting Mclayers. The experiments made by the plastic- Connell and Kidd in 1888 on the fact ity of ice seemed to establish and that single crystals were not plastic shown that the plasticity of glacier ice as but the summer is too cool and damp . The by Pfaff in 1875 was a mistake that discovery made by Koch in 1885 are rods of ice laid on two sharp edges straightremoved, prin ciple. But further experiments made by between 1890- McConnell and Mügge notice- 1895 showed that this elasticity is able in some cases but not in all. This is now reelasticity of the ice crystals the garded as the true explanation of it has movement of glaciers, even though not yet been proved that the yielding with quality of the ice does not increase the temperature.
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Ice Plant
in botany, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. It is called ice plant from the many watery pustules covering its leaves and shining like ice. It grows on sandy seashores at the Cape of Good Hope, in the Canary Islands, and in Greece near Athens. There are two varieties, M. crystallinum and M. in glaciale; the latter is that cul juice is said to cultivated gardens. The be diuretic, has been given in liver complaints. and The burnt ashes are used by the Spaniards like barilla in glass works. Called from its luster also diamond plant.
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Iceboat
a triangular framework of with wood, running by means of a sailskates or broad end forward-on three runners 3 feet long by 8 inches deep. tri- There is but one large sail, usually and yard angular, fastened to a boom , 30 feet in length. which may be over by the Such an iceboat may be steered direction not rudder-skate in almost any may attain in the teeth of the wind, and miles an an average speed of 30 or 40 hour, and sometimes as much as 65. rivers The Hudson and the Shrewsbury headmay be regarded as the Eastern are quarters of this sport, and there several iceboat clubs.
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