Ingersoll (ERNEST an American naturalist)
ERNEST, an American naturalist; born in Monroe, Mich., March 13, 1852; was educated at Oberlin College and the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology; employed on the Hayden Survey and the United States Fish Commission; later was engaged as a journalist in Montreal. His publications include "Oyster Industries"; "Friends Worth Knowing"; "Country Cousins"; "Knocking 'Round the Rockies"; "Crest of the Continent"; "Canadian Guide- Book"; "The Book of the Ocean" "Nature's Calendar" (1900), "Life of Mammals" (1906), etc.
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Inghamites
founded by Benjamin Ingham, one of the early Methodists. Separating from his original nal connection, he joined the United Brethren, but soon after founded a sect the doctrines of which were a modification of those of the Glassites and the Sandemanians.
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Ingoldsby
THOMAS. See BAR- HAM, RICHARD HARRIS.
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Ingoldsby Legends, The
The, a collection of burlesque poems and stories by Richard Harris Barham, an English clergyman. They were published in Bentley's Magazine and The New Monthly Magazine over the pseudonymn of Thomas Ingoldsby. The first series of The Ingoldsby Legends appeared in book form in 1840, the second and third series in 1847.
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Ingolstadt
a town and fortress of Upper Bavaria, on the Danube. Its fortifications, demolished in 1820, have since been rebuilt stronger than before. Its university, once celebrated, was removed to Munich in 1826. Pop. about 25,000.
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Ingraham
JOSEPH HOLT, an American author; born in Portland, Me., in 1809; received a collegiate education; was ordained a Protestant Episcopal widely became known clergyman; through his writings. His publications include "The Southwest, by a Yankee" (1836); "Lafitte: the Pirate of the Gulf"; "The Prince of the House of David" (1855); "The Pillar of Fire" (1859); and "The Throne of David" (1860). He died in Holly Springs , Miss., in December, 1860 .
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Ingres
JEAN AUGUSTE DOMI- NIQUE (ang'-gr), a French historical painter; born in Montauban, in 1780. He studied under David, and subsequently went to Rome . He was called to the School of Fine Arts in Paris as the successor of Denon , and succeeded Horace Vernet, in 1829, as Director of the Academy at Rome. Ingres occupies a middle place between the classical and romantic schools. His best known pictures are "Jupiter and Thetis," "Woman in the Bath," " Raphael and the Fornarina," "The Sistine Chapel," "The Vow of Louis XIII." (regarded by many as his chef d'œuvre ), "The Birth of Venus Anadyomene ," "Jesus Disputing with the Doctors," " Racine in his Court Dress," "Jeanne D'Arc at the Coronation of Charles VII .," "Portrait of Cherubini," and " La Source." He died in 1867.
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Ingress
in astronomy, the beginning of the apparent transit of one body over the face of another , as of Mercury or Venus over the face of the sun, or of a satellite of Jupiter across the disk of that planet.
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Inhambane
a Portuguese station, capital of a district on the E. coast of Africa; just S. of the tropic of Capricorn, is beautifully situated on its bay, but unhealthy.
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Inheritance
in biology, transmission in generation by descent. Darwin considers the inheritance of every character to be the rule, and non-inheritance the anomaly. In law, a perpetual or continuing right to an estate invested in a person and his heirs. There are nine "canons of inheritance"; three may be quoted: (1) That inheritance shall, in the first place, descend to the issue of the last purchaser in infinitum; (2) That the male issue shall be admitted before the female; (3) That where two or more of the male sex are in equal degree of consanguinity to the purchaser, ser, the eldest only shall inherit, but the females all together.
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Inia
a toothed fresh water Cetacean, not unlike a dolphin, but with_certain anatomical peculiarities which keep it outside that family. It is found in some of the upper tributaries of the Amazon, and in the lakes near the Cordilleras. It feeds chiefly on fish, and is hunted for the sake of the oil which it yields.
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Initiation
The process of entry into a secret society or similar organisation. The idea of initiation was certainly inherited by the Egyptians and Asssyrians from older neoblithic peoples, who possessed secret organisations or mysteries" analogous to those of the Medwiwin of the North American Indians or those of the Australian Blackfellows. We read of initiation into the various grades of the Egyptian priesthood and the " mysteries' of Eleusis and Bacchus. (See Mysteries .) These processes probably consisted of tests of courage and fidelity (as do the savage initiations) and included such acts as sustaining a severe buffeting, the drinking of blood, real and imaginary, and so forth. In the Popol Vuh, the saga of the Kiche Indians of Guatemala we have a picture of the initiation tests of two hero-gods on entrance to the native Hades. Indeed, most of the mysteries typified the descent of man into Hell , and his return to earth, based on the corn-mother legend of the resurrection of the wheat plant. Initiation into the higher branches of mysticism, magic and theosophy has been largely written upon The process in regard to these is of course entirely symbolical, and is to be taken as implying a preparation for the higher life and the regeneration of the soul.
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Initiative
a plan which originated first in Switzerland which permits private citizens to draw up a legislative bill, and, if a certain percentage of the voters sign the measure, to have it submitted directly to the whole body of citizens. If the bill secures a majority it becomes a law. Many of the States of the United States have adopted the initiative, feeling that the State Legislatures were not sufficiently responsive to popular feeling. South Dakota was the first State to adopt the plan, which it did in 1898. In the next 15 years the following States took similar action: Oregon, Nevada, Montana, Oklahoma, Michigan, Maine, Arkansas, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, California, Ohio, Nebraska, Washington, Idaho, and North Dakota. About the same time some 300 cities adopted the plan for the making of local ordinances. Since 1915 the plan has not gained much headway in any other State. The Progressive Party of 1912 endorsed the plan in its platform, but neither of the two older parties did. In practical operation it falls short of much that is claimed for it, encountering as it does the indifference of the voters. Many students of political science have questioned its usefulness, claiming that it substitutes direct for representative government; thereby confusing the proper function of the electorate and reducing legislative bodies to a nullity.
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