Iconoclast
a breaker or destroyer of images; a title applied to two of the Byzantine emperors, Leo the Isaurian, and his son Constantine Capronymus, who during their reigns, which extended from 726 to 795, persevered in overthrowing the images in the Christian churches, and in extirpatbishops ing their worship. The 338 , pishops, also, who attended a council at Constantinople in the reign of the latter prince, and declared themselves in favor of his views, were stigmatized by the orthodox out spurs in a W. direction extending party under the same name.
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Iconoclasts
in the history of the Eastern church, a sect bent on removing images from the service of the church. The term means image breakers. The Iconoclasts flourished during the eighth and ninth centuries. They interpreted the second commandment to forbid all artistic symbols, whether painted, engraved or carved. They held that the ignorant degraded symbols into idols. They rose in influence under the Greek emperor, Leo the Isaurian, by whom images were ordered out of the churches. Eastern mobs sacked the sacred edifices in religious fury, cutting canvas from frames, defacing artistic walls, smashing priceless statuary, and breaking carvings from the stone work. A great schism arose. The eastern and the western branches of the church separated. The Roman or western church resisted the iconoclastic movement and church art was preserved up to the time of the Protestant Reformation, when the vandal mob defaced and destroyed many valuable works, particularly in Germany, the Low Countries, and in Scotland. England also has much to regret at the hands of iconoclasts.
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Iconography
in an extended sense, the description of any figures found in paintings and sculpture, as well as monumental records of ancient date; but in its restricted signification this word is confined to descriptions and drawings of any sculptured images or paintings of the human form, animals, and inanimate objects, that are found in buildings and appurtenances, and furniture devoted to ecclesiastical purposes.
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Icteria
a genus of birds placed by Swainson under his sub-family Brachypodiæ (short-footed thrushes). I. virens, or viridis (I. polyglotta of Wilson) the yellow-breasted chat, is found in the United States. It 1 has great powers of imitating the sounds which it hears.
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Icteride
a name for orioles; a family of Passeres, insessorial birds. The bill has the commissure angulated, with no notch; the primaries nine; the legs stout; the plumage usunine ally brilliant; the notes sharp, sharp, often melodious, in other cases harsh. Subfamilies three, Agelainæ, Icterinæ, and Quiscalinæ. About 20 genera and 100 species are known, all American. The Baltimore oriole or hang-nest is the Icterus galbula. It is a favorite bird in the eastern part of North America and is a migratory bird, arriving in late spring and leaving again in midsummer or up to early fall. Its plumage is black and orange.
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Idaho Falls
a city of Idaho, the county seat of Bonneville Co. It is in the midst of an important agricultural region, well irrigated. It has excellent water power. It has a sugar factory and other industries. There is a Carnegie library and other public buildings. Pop. (1910) 4,827; (1920) 8,064. IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational, non-sectarian institution in Moscow, Ida.; founded in 1889; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 80; students, 782; volumes in the library, 45,000; productive funds, $6,000,000; income, $684,000; president, Ernest Hiram Lindley, Ph. D.
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Idalium
now DALI, a promontory of the E. coast of Cyprus on which was a celebrated temple of Venus; hence her surname "Idalia."
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Iddesleigh
STAFFORD HENRY NORTHCOTE, ist EARL OF (id'desli), an English statesman; born in 1818. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, became private secretary to Gladstone in 1843, and was called to the bar in 1847. In 1851 he succeeded his grandfather in the family baronetcy. He held various offices, being long member for North Devon. He published a treatise, "Twenty Years of Financial Policy," in 1862. He was made special commissioner to the United States to arrange the "Alabama" difficulty. Subsequently he was secretary for India (1867-1868) and chancellor of the exchequer (1874- 1880). Upon Mr. Disraeli's elevation to the peerage he became leader of the Lower House. He was elected lord rector of Edinburgh University in 1883. Lord Salisbury having undertaken to form a government, he was created (1885) Earl of Iddesleigh, and became first lord of the treasury. He died in 1887.
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Ide
HENRY CLAY, an American diplomat; born at Barnet, Vt., in 1844. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1866. He was admitted to the bar and was State's attorney of Vermont from 1876 to 1878. From 1882 to 1885 he was a member of the Vermont Senate. He was United States Commissioner to Samoa in 1891 and was Chief Justice of Samoa under joint appointment of England, Germany and the United States from 1893 to 1897. He was a member ernment in the Philippines in 1900, and was Secretary of Finance and Justice in the Philippines in 1901. He acted as Vice-Governor in 1904-1905, acting governor in 1905-1906, and Governor-General in 1906. He was Minister to Spain from 1909 to 1913. He wrote several volumes on the administration and government in the Philippines and contributed articles to various publications.
a fish of the carp family, the Leuciscus idus, found in rocky lakes of Northern Europe. It is a good table fish.
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Ideal Realism
a name for the teachings of an eclectic branch of the Kantian school, who attempted to build up a harmonious system without sacrificing Kant's realistic postulates to his idealistic teachings, or conversely giving up the latter in favor of the former. Schleiermacher, Ulrici, and Trendelenburg were of this section of Kantists.
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Idealism
the name given to certain philosophical systems which deny the individual existence of object apart from subject; or of both apart from God or the Absolute. Idealism denies the existence of bodies, holding that their apare merely ideas (perceppearances tions) of the cogitant subject. Subjective idealism teaches that these ideas are produced by the mind; objective idealism that God is their author. To these two hypotheses all idealism may be reduced. Zeno of Elea, in classic times, anticipated modern idealism. Berkeley developing Locke, Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibnitz did much to revive idealism. Kant has been claimed as an idealist-Franck makes Kant's idéalisme subjectif one of the three divisions to which he refers all modifications of Ideal philosophy. Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel are the founders of the great schools of German Idealism, called respectively, Subjective, Objective, and Absolute. For Fichte the object has no real existence, but is dependent on the subject; the non- Ego is the product of the Ego (the human soul). For Schelling object and subject are equally real, and equally manifestations of the Ego (in his system the Absolute, the Substance of Spinoza). Hegel's only reality in this case is the relation between the Ego and the non-Ego.
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