Each of these 16 subjects appears in only one of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. None is long enough to carry a page by itself, so they are gathered here by letter. Anything that grows moves out to a page of its own.
King Portugal; born in 1715. He was son and successor of Charles V., and ascended the throne in 1750. The great earthquake at Lisbon, in 1755, and the expulsion of the Jesuits from the kingdom in 1759, were the principal events of his reign. He died in 1777.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
a rich Israelite of high character, who seems to have been a member of the Great Council or Sanhedrim. He opposed the determination of his colleagues to bring about the death of Jesus, but did not openly profess himself a disciple from motives of fear. But the courage of his convictions came to him at the moment of the crucifixion, and on the evening of that day he went boldly to Pilate and begged the body of Jesus, burying it reverently in his own rock-hewn tomb. An ancient tradition makes him carry the GRAIL (q. v.) to Britain about the year 63 and settle at Glastonbury.
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one of the most important fortresses of the former Austrian em empire; situated at the confluence of the Mettau and the Elbe in Bohemia, 10½ miles N. by E. of Königgrätz.
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See Shaw ; Henry W
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King of Judah. He succeeded his father, Amon, 641 B. c., at the age of eight years. He destroyed the idols and restored the worship of the true God, established virtuous magistrates for the administration of justice, and repaired the temple. He also caused the law of Moses to be sought for and preserved. He was wounded in a battle fought at Megiddo, against Necho, King of Egypt, and died in 610 b. c.
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King of Judah, 758 B. C., son and successor of Uzziah, or Azariah. He succeeded his leprous father at the age of 25 years, and reigned 16 years.
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ye'tun-him, or Utgard, in Scandinavian mythology, the home of the giants. It was supposed to be situated to the far north.
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in Northern mythology, immense giants and magiwho had command over the powers cians of nature, and lived in dark caves in their kingdom of Jötunheim, from which they waged perpetual war against the Æsir, the bright gods of Valhalla. Originaly they represented the destructive forces in nature.
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THÉODORE SIMON (zhö-frwa'), a French philosopher; born in Pontets, Doubs, France, July 17, 1796. He became a pupil of Cousin, at Paris, and from 1817 onward taught philosophy at various educational institutions in Paris. Ill-health obliged him in 1838 to exchange his professorial chair for the post of librarian to the university. Jouffroy was not an original thinker, and founded no school. His merit is that he was the lucid interpreter of the teaching of the Scotch philosophers Reid and Dugald Stewart; he translated their works, adding critical introductions and notes. His own best books were: "Philosophical Miscellanies" (1833; new edition 1883); "Course in Natural Law" (1835); "Course in Æsthetics" (1843; time edition 1883). For some new Jouffroy was a member of the Chamber of Deputies; he was also well known as a journalist. He died in Paris, France, Feb. 4, 1842.
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an instrument of punishment formerly used in Scotland, consisting of an iron collar which surrounded the neck of the criminal, and was fastened to a wall or tree by an iron chain. JOULE (named from the eminent English physicist, James P. Joule), in electricity, the unit of heat and work; the voltcoulomb.
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a law which relates to the work done by an electric current in overcoming the resistance in the circuit. It is substantially as follows: In any circuit carrying a current I, in ampères, the heat energy developed, where R is the resistance of the portion of the current under consideration, equals I'R. This formula expresses, in watts, the activity of that portion of the current. Now the activity of one watt indicates the development of .24 calories of heat each second; consequently a complete expression of the heat set free is H-I2X.24 calories, equal to IEX.24 calories a second. See JOULE, J. P.
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a term applied at the English mint to the weight of certain parcels of coin, which were probably considered formerly as a day's work. The journey weight of gold is 15 troy pounds, which is coined into 701 sovereigns, or 1,402 half-sovereigns. A journey weight of silver weighs 60 pounds troy, and is coined into 792 crowns, or 1,584 half-crowns, or 3,960 shillings, or 7,920 sixpences.
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a tilting match, a mock combat or conflict of peace between knights in the Middle Ages, as a trial of valor. The combatants used blunted spears, but were still subject to much danger from sudden blows on horseback. A joust differed from a tournament in that the latter was a conflict between many knights, divided into parties, and engaged at the same time; the joust was a separate trial of skill, where only one man was opposed to another.
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a lake of Switzerland, canton of Vaud. Vaud, ud, near the Jura and the French frontier, and 18 miles N. W. of Lausanne; miles; breadth, mile. It is overlooked by Mont Tendre , which, on the S. E. attains an elevation of 5,730 feet above the level of the sea.
CHATEAU DE (shä-tō' duh), a fortress in the Jura Mountains, France, department of Doubs, commanding the route to Neufchâtel, 16 miles N. of the lake. It was successively the prison of Fouquet, Mirabeau, Toussaint l'Ouverture, and General Dupont.
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or JOVIANUS (-ā'-nus), FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS, a Roman emperor; born about 332. He was elected by the soldiers, A. D. 363, after the death of Julian, whom he had accompanied in his campaign against the Persians. In order to effect his retreat in safety, Jovian surrendered to the Persians the Roman conquests beyond the Tigris. He was a Christian, but he protected the heathens. After a reign of but little more than seven months, he died in Dadastana, Bithynia, Feb. 17, 364.
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BENJAMIN, an English scholar; born in Camberwell, London, England, in 1817. He studied at Oxford, was elected to a fellowship in 1838, and became Regius Professor of Greek in 1855. In 1855 he published a commentary on the Epistles of St. Paul. In 1860 appeared his essay on the "Interpretation of Scripture" in the celebrated "Essays and Reviews," for which he was tried on a charge of heresy before the chancellor's court, but was acquitted. In 1870 he became master of Balliol, and in 1871 published his most important work, a translation of the "Dialogues" of Plato. He published translations of Thucydides (1881) and the "Politics" of Aristotle (1885). In 1882 he was elected vicechancellor of the university. He died Oct. 1, 1893. JUAN II., DON (Hö-än), a natural son of Philip IV. of Spain, and of Maria Calderona, an actress; born in 1629; made grand prior of Castile; commanded the Spanish army in Italy in 1647, and took the city of Naples; subjugated Barcelona in 1652, but, being afterward unsuccessful, was exiled. Under Charles II. he was recalled to Madrid, made prime minister, and died in 1679.
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