Juniper
a genus of ornamental evergreen trees and shrubs. The junipers are closely related to the cypress and arbor vitae. They belong to the family of conifers, but, in place of a dry cone, the fruit is inclosed in a fleshy globe much like a berry. There are at least a score of junipers. The red cedar, with fragrant wood used for cabinets and lead pencils, is a juniper. The common juniper has dark blue fruit. It has a wonderful power of adapting itself to circumstances. In a protected locality with fair soil it becomes a tree forty feet high. On a rocky, windy bank, its branches lie on the ground and its crown may not attain a height of more than a foot or two. The junipers of the Pacific coast vary similarly in habit. See Conifers
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Juniperus
a public. E plants, order Pinacea. The governmen species, J. communis, the common these lette per, is a bushy shrub with Lime many sharp - pointed leaves. It grows in the subject. N. parts of Europe, in fertile or in to be in ren soils, on hills or in valleys, on sandy plains, or in moist and close Che questio It abounds in the Alpine region of catter. zerland. All parts of the plant,
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Junius
jun'yus, Letters of, a famous series of political letters signed Junius. They were forty-four in number, and appeared in the Public Advertiser, of London. The first was published November 21, 1768. The last bore the date of January 21, 1772. The title of the first, The State of the Nation, indicates their general character. The author attacked several leading members of the ministry, denouncing them for inefficiency. He showed that he was intimately acquainted with their private lives and with the proceedings of Parliament. He had the gossip of court at his fingers' ends and lashed his enemies into a perfect fury of resentment. "Who wrote the letters of Junius?" was for decades a much argued question. The question has never been settled on circumstantial evidence. Macaulay handles the topic exhaustively, claiming that Sir Philip Francis, in point of handwriting, familiarity with government and social circles, and ability as a writer, answers the known conditions perfectly. As Francis received a lucrative appointment to a post in India at the time the correspondence ceased, it is probable that the government took this means of silencing a troublesome adversary.
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Junk-Ceylon
or SALANGAN, an coast of the Malay island at the S. E. extremity of the Bay Hollands. eb it is separated by for of Bengal, on the W. coast of the Malay 25 miles long, abou Junipeninsula, from which it is separated by a narrow channel; 25 miles long, about used 10 broad. It is hilly and fertile, and the Junkers, associated with Pan-Gerwell adapted for producing coffee and indigo, and has numerous herds of buffaloes, hogs, and deer. Extensive mines have been worked in recent years. Pop. about 5,000, consisting of a mixture of Malays, Chinese, Siamese, and Burmans. mans and a military clique in sympathy with their aims.
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Junker
WILHELM (yöng'ker), a German traveler; born of German parents in Moscow, Russia, April 6, 1840. He studied medicine in Göttingen, Berlin, and Prague. Proceeding to Tunis and Egypt, in 1874, he in 1876-1878 made a series of explorations among the W. tributaries of the Upper Nile, going as far S. as the Kibbi, a feeder of the Welle. In 1879 he started from Cairo to explore the basin and course of the river Welle- Makua. This river was eventually (end of 1887) proved by Captain Van Gèle to be identical with the Ubangi, a righthand affluent of the Kongo. Junker published "Travels in Africa" (1889), and died in St. Petersburg, Russia, Feb. 13, 1892.
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Junot
ANDOCHE (zhü-nō'), Duc d'Abrantès, one of Napoleon's generals; born in Bussy-le-Grand, Côte-d'Or, 18 JUNO
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Junta
in Spain, a high council of state; it was originally applied to an irregularly summoned assembly of the states, as distinguished from the Cortes or Parliament regularly called together by the authority of the king. In Cuba the term was adopted by the insurgents to designate the general legation of the Cuban republic abroad. This legation or junta was first appointed Sept. 19, 1895, by the Constituent Assembly that formed the insurgent Cuban government, which at the same time made T. Estrada Palma head of the junta and chief Cuban representa-
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Jura
a range of mountains of a peculiar limestone formation, oölitic in composition, and generally called Jurassic, which extends from the angle formed by the Rhone and the Ain, in a N. E. direction ( with a gradually declining elevation) for more than 450 miles, to the upper course of the Main. But it is usual to restrict the name to the ranges that lie along the frontier of Switzerland and France-mainly in the departments of Doubs, Jura, and Ain. The ranges are broken by numerous transverse gorges or “cluses." Limestone caves are numerous, and they abound in magnificent stalactites and in the bones of extinct animals. Some rivers of considerable size sink into the ground and reappear after some distance, as the Orbe, the Doubs, and the Creuse.
a department in the E. of France, bordering on Switzerland ; area 1,951 square miles; pop., about 250,000. A large part is covered the JURA (g. v.) Mountains, and it is drained by the Ain and the Oignon. The pastures are both extensive and rich, and the cattle reared on them, together with their dairy produce (including Gruyère cheese), form the chief source of wealth. Iron is worked, marble and alabaster abound, and there are salt springs in different quarters, from which salt is made . Capital, Lons-le-Saulnier .
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Jurassic System
the name given by geologists to what is termed in England the Oölitic system of strata, being very characteristic of the Jura Mountains; and also used in a wider sense to include both the Oölite and Lias.
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Jurisprudence
the science of law; the knowledge of the laws, customs, and rights of men in a community, necessary for the due administration of justice. General jurisprudence, the science or philosophy of positive law. Particular jurisprudence, the knowledge of the law of any particular nation. Medical jurisprudence, see MEDICAL JURISPRUD- ENCE.
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