Jacobite
a term first applied in England to the party which adhered to James II., after the Revolution of 1688, and afterward to those who continued to maintain sentiments of loyalty toward the house of Stuart, and sought to secure the restoration of that family to the English throne. The unsuccessful rebellions of 1715 and 1745 in Scotland, were_brought about by the agency of the Jacobites. In Scotland the party maintained its strength till the failure of the rebellion of 1745 put an end to its political existence. In ecclesiastical history, a Christian and maintained that Christ had but one nature. They were thus named from Jacob Baradæus, Bishop of Edessa, and apostle of the East, who restored the sect about 545. From this man, Mosheim remarks, as the second father of the sect, all the Monophysites in the East are called Jacobites. Baradæus died in 578. A small section of the Jacobites joined the Roman Catholics in the 17th century, but the majority remained firm in the faith of their ancestors. Riddle enumerates among the remains of Oriental sects or Christian communities existing in 1037, the Syrian Jacobites living under their patriarch at Antioch. Roger of Wendover mentions a new sect of preachers called Jacobites, because they imitated the life of the apostles, who sprang up in 1198, under the auspices of Pope Innocent III. They were mendicants, and suffered great privations. Mosheim believes the sect ceased to exist soon after the Council of Lyons, in 1274.
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Jacobites
in English history, adherents of the Stuart family, more particularly followers of James II . The name is from Jacobus, Latin for James. At the time of the English revolution in 1688 the Catholics, save those influenced by political expectations, adhered to the cause of James II. In Ireland they were defeated decisively at the Battle of the Boyne, July 1, 1690. The French court was their rallying center. The Highland Jacobites rose twice, first in 1715 and again in 1745. The Jacobites faded away gradually. In the reign of George III they became ardent supporters of the royal authority, and contributed not a little to that monarch's obstinacy in dealing with his American colonies. See Boyne ; Pretender; Charles ; Stuart ; Flora ; Macdonald
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Jacobs
W. W., an English novelist; born in London in 1863. He was educated in private schools and in 1883 entered the Civil Service. His first book, "Many Cargoes," appeared in 1896 and received instant recognition as a work of unusual merit and of unusual qualities of humour. This was followed by many other books of the same character. These include "More Cargoes"; "The Lady of the Barge" (1902); "Captains All" (1905); "Sailors' Knots" (1909); "Night Watches" (1914). He also wrote with Louis N. Parker a play entitled He contributed theological articles to sev- "Beauty and the Barge." (Polemonium cæruleum), a herbaceous perennial plant of the natural order Polemoniaceæ, a doubtful native of Great Britain, but more common in Central and Southern Europe, and found also in the temperate parts of Asia and of North America. It is common in flower gardens in Great Britain. It has pinnate leaves, with ovato-lanceolate leaflets, a smooth stem 1½ to 2 feet high, and a terminal panicle of bright blue (sometimes white) flowers, with wheel-shaped five-lobed corolla. Great medicinal virtues were once ascribed to it, but the only quality which it seems to possess is a slight astringency.
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Jacobus
MELANCTHON WIL- LIAMS, an American educator, born in Allegheny City, Pa., in 1855. He graduated from Princeton University in 1877, and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1881. Following study abroad, he was ordained to the Presbyterian ministry in 1884. After serving on the faculty of the Hartford Theological Seminary he was appointed acting president of that institution in 1902, and became dean of the faculty in 1903. He was acting pastor of the Central Congregational Church of Hartford from director of 1889 to 1900. He was theology in several colleges and universities. He wrote several works on theological subjects, including "A Problem in New Testament Criticism" (1900); "Commentary on the Gospel of Mark." eral encyclopedias.
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Jacoby
HAROLD, an American astronomer, born in New York City in 1865. He graduated from Columbia University in 1885 and took post-graduate courses at that university. He occupied several places in the astronomical department of Columbia University and became professor of astronomy in 1904. He was acting director of the observatory at Columbia from 1903 to 1906, and in the latter year became director. In 1889 and 1890 he was assistant astronomer for the United States eclipse expedition to West Africa. He was a member of many astronomical and scientific societies. He wrote much on astronomical subjects and his chief works are "Practical Talks by an Astronomer" (1903); "Navigation" (1917). He also contributed many articles to newspapers and magazines and to several encyclopedias.
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Jacot Pivot Lathe
A tool used but little in this country, the American lathe and its attachments having superceded it. It is used for reburnishing and dressing up pivots. JANVIER, ANTIDE. He was celebrated for his skill in representing planetary movements by the aid of mechanism. He was a profound mathematician. He was born at Saint-Claude-du-Jura, in 1751, and died in 1835.
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Jacquerie
a name popularly given to a revolt of the French peasantry against the nobility, which took place while King John was a prisoner in England in 1358. Jacques Bonhomme was a term of derision applied by the nobles to the peasants, from which the insurrection took its name. It began in the Beauvais, under a chief of the name of Caillet, and desolated Picardy, Artois, and Brie, where savage reprisals were executed against the nobility for their oppressions. It was suppressed after some weeks. river of
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Jacuhy
a Brazil, province of Sao Pedro do Rio Grande; length, about 250 miles.
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Jacusi
in Japanese mythology, the god of medicine.
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Jade
a name applied to about 150 varieties of ornamental stones, but should be properly restricted to the mineral nephrite, so called from the Greek nephros because it was supposed by the ancients to have virtue in renal diseases. The name is from the Spanish ijada, "the flank" (from the Latin ilia), because it was believed to cure pain in the side; and the mineral was brought by the Spaniards from Mexico. True jade is a native silicate of calcium and magnesium, tough, and of various shades of green, yellowish-gray, and greenish-white. It is principally found in China, Siberia, New Zealand, and in some of the islands of the South Pacific, while its occurrence has also been reported in British Columbia and Alaska.
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