Jaen
a city of Spain, capital of the province of the same name; on a tributary of the Guadalquivir; 50 miles N. by W. of Granada. The cathedral dates from 1532. By the Moors the town was called Jayyenu-l-harir, "Jaen of the Silk," on account of its silk manufactures, for which, however, it is no longer famous. The province (area, 5,184 square miles), part of Andalusia, lies wholly within the basin of the Guadalquivir, and is for the most part mountainous. Conquered by the Moors on their entrance into Spain, Jaen maintained its independence as a Moorish state till 1246, until captured by Ferdinand III. of Castile. Pop. (1917) province, 356,293; town, 30,947.
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Jaffa
or JOPPA, a town on the sea coast of Syria, 33 miles N. W. of Jerusalem. Hence Jonah sailed for Tarshish; here Peter had his vision. Under Constantine the place, which had been destroyed by Vespasian, became a bishop's see, and as the great landing place of the Crusaders was taken and retaken by Christian and Moslem. In 1799 Napoleon stormed it and massacred his prisoners; in 1832 it was taken by Mehemet Ali, and restored to the Turks by British help. Pop. about 45,000. Jaffa was captured by the British in November, 1917. See WORLD WAR.
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Jaffnapatam
a seaport in the extreme N. of Ceylon, on an island of the same name; has been peopled by Tamils for more than 2,000 years. A large sprinkling of the European population is of Dutch descent Pop. (1911) 40,441.
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Jaghire
in Hindustan, a term closely corresponding to the flef of mediæval Europe. It is an assignment of the government share of the produce of a portion of land to an individual, either personal or for the support of a public establishment.
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Jagow
GOTTLIEB VON, a German public official. Born in 1863, he received his education at Bonn University. In 1895 he entered the diplomatic service and became attaché at Rome and later at Munich. In 1897 he was in Rome serving first as Secretary of the German Embassy there and after 1909 as Ambassador. In 1912 he played a large part in inducing Italy to remain in the Triple Alliance, and largely because that power was friendly to him he was appointed Foreign Minister in 1913 to succeed Von Kiderlen-Waechter. He was unable to do what was expected of him, however, and when Italy entered the war against Austria a severe blow to his prestige was given. He conducted the negotiations with the United States during the time the relations between the two powers were strained, and exerted all his influence to prevent the declaration of ruthless submarine warfare. He retired in 1916 because of ill health and because he was unable to endure the demands of the military chiefs for a change in his policies.
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Jagst
or JAXT (yaxt), a river in Württemberg which unites with the Neckar, 6 miles N. of Heilbronn. It is over 160 miles in length. Also a portion of Northeastern Württemberg, with an area of 1,983 square miles. Pop. about 425,000.
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Jahde
or JADE (yä'dä); a bay in the N. of Oldenburg, belonging to Prussia, which has a naval station on its shores.
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Jahn
FRIEDRICH LUDWIG (yan), a German educator; born in Brandenburg, in 1778. After graduating with distinction at the universities, he, in 1809, went to Berlin, where he became teacher at the Kölnisches Gymnasium, and published his "German Popularity." He then set about the establishment of gymnasia throughout the "Fatherland," whence is derived the "Turnkunst," or system of physical education so well known and appreciated in the United States. He died in 1852. of a religious sect among the Hindus.
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Jains
or JAINAS (jāns), the name They are very numerous in the Southern and Western provinces of Hindustan, and are principally engaged in commerce. It is believed that Jainism is of much later origin than Buddhism or Brahmaism. The principal points of difference between them and the Brahmanical Hindus are: (1) A denial of the divine origin of Vedas; (2) the worship of certain holy mortals, who, by living exemplary lives here and by self-mortification, had raised themselves superior to the gods; and (3) extreme tenderness for animal life; in all of which points they resemble the Buddhists. Their moral code, or "great duties," are: (1) Refraining from injury to life; (2) truth; (3) honesty; (4) chastity; (5) freedom four desires. Their from worldly are-liberality, gentleness, "merits" piety, and penances. They number about 1,000,000, chiefly found throughout Hindustan.
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Jaipur
a native State of Rajputana, India; area (including feudatories), 15,579 square miles; pop. about 2,700,000; passed under British protection in 1818. Capital, Jaipur, the chief city of Rajputana, an important trade center and noted for its fine buildings; dates from 1728; pop. about 137,000.
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Jaisalmir
JAYSALMIR (ji-salmēr'), or JESSELMERE, a State in Western Rajputana, India; bounded on the N. by by the Punjab, on the E. by Bekanir and Marwar, on the S. by Marwar, on the W. by the Bombay Presidency and the Punjab; area, 16,447 square miles; pop. 75,000. It is mostly a sandy desert, though containing a few oases, and the climate presents great extremes of heat and cold. Main industry, cattleraising; barley and mullet are also cultivated. Most of the inhabitants are JATS (q. v.). Capital, Jaisalmir; pop. about 10,000. JALAP (so called from Jalapa, in Mexico, whence it is imported), the name given to the tuberous roots of several plants of the order Convolvulacex, that of Ipomæa purga being the most important. This is a twining herbaceous plant, with deep pink flowers, growing naturally on the E. declivities of the Mexican Andes, at an elevation of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet. The jalap of commerce consists of irregular ovoid darkbrown roots. The drug jalap is one of the most common purgatives.
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Jalalabad
a JELELABAD (jel-a-lä-bäd'), ghanistan; (jel-a-lä-bäd') fasting; and henceforth his reign was happy. He died or or il), a town of Aftown of Af- 78 miles E. N. E. of Kabul, 889 b. C., leaving his crown es E. N. E. of Kabul, to his son Jehoram. on the Peshawar route. A famous and route. A famous and successful resistance was made here in nce was made here in
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