Lining Ladles
The process of daubing loam or ramming sand on the inner surface to protect them from the action of the molten metal. All ladles above 8 tons capacity should have a fire-brick lining all through; below this, if the ladle bottom is perforated to let out the steam, a fire-sand bottom, rammed over one inch in depth of fine cinders, will serve, one inch of daubing being sufficient for the sides. See DAUBING; INGOTS; LADLES. Lining-metal for Journal-boxes.--See ANTIFRICTION METALS.
Only in The Encyclopedia of Founding
Lining of the Cupola
The inner structure of fire-bricks built within the shell of a cupola to protect it from the intense heat during the process of melting. See CUPOLA; REPAIRING THE CUPOLA; DAUBING; FIRE-BRICK; GROUTING. Lip is that part of a ladle-shell over which the metal falls as the process of pouring takes place. To regulate the stream of molten metal, and maintain it unbroken, is of great importance when numbers of various-sized basins must be served from one ladle; a little experimenting will soon discover which form is the most suitable. See LADLES.
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Linseed
. See Flax ; Paint
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Linseed Oil
the fixed oil expressed ic, palmitic, and from linseed. Linseed oil consists of the nine-tenths of the glycerides of linoleic, palmitic, and ide of linoleic acid. stearic acids, about nine-tenths of the type of the class whole being the glyceride of linoleic acid.、 from their prop- It may be taken as the type of the class to a transparent, known as drying oils, from their propwhen exposed to erty of drying up into a transparent, s boiled for some tough, resinous mass when exposed to one-sixth of its the air. When the oil is boiled for some icker, tenacious, time, till it loses about one-sixth of its still more readweight, it becomes thicker, tenacious, e, into a turpenand viscid, and dries up, still more readsoluble in oils. ily than in the fresh state, into a turpenof printers' and tine-like mass, scarcely soluble in oils. seed oil, mixed It then forms the basis of printers' and , forma caoutpainters' varnishes. Linseed oil, mixed with alkalies a with chloride of sulphur, forms caoutchouc-like products, and with alkalies a soft soap. crown-land of W. of Vienna,
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Linsey-Woolsey
a coarse, strong variety of flannel, woven with linen warp and wool filling. It was made in England as early as the sixteenth century, and was one of the few fabrics of domestic production during pioneer times in America. Linsey-woolsey was used for men's shirts, and for the clothing of women and children. The patterns were usually simple checks and plaids in bright colors. The name linsey-woolsey is derived from linsel, Old French for linen, and wool.
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Linton Charles
(See Automatic Writing and Speaking .)
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Linus
The personification of a dirge or lamentation, and therefore described as a son of Apollo by a Muse (Calliope, or by Psamathe or Chalciope). Both Argos and Thebes claimed the honor of his birth.
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Linz
capital of the crown-land of of some stra- Upper Austria; 117 miles W. of Vienna, been besieged on the Danube. As a place of some straably by the tegic importance Linz has been besieged g the war of on several occasions, notably by the In 1741 and peasants in 1626, and during the war of was signed the Austrian Succession in 1741 and and III. and again in 1742. Here peace was signed ania in 1645, between the Emperor Ferdinand III. and tte defeated George Rakoczy of Transylvania in 1645, Pop. about and in the vicinity Bernadotte defeated the Austrians in 1809. Pop. about (formerly 70,000. with a sin-
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Lion
in zoölogy, Felis leo (formerly f the larg elevated into a distinct genus with a sinof the livgle species, Leo nobilis), one of the larghistorical est and the most important of the livew Scriping carnivora. Its range in historical to it, and time is very wide. The Hebrew Scripwere emtures abound with references to it, and ces (Dan. in the time of Darius lions were em- Homer, ployed to execute judicial sentences (Dan. tion lions vi: 16-24). It is mentioned by Homer; rope by Herodotus and Theocritus mention lions as found in Africa, and in Europe; by Vergil, by Ovid, by Martial in almost every book, and by Catullus. It played an important part in the sanguinary games of the Roman amphitheater. Its geographical range is now confined to Africa and the S. W. of Asia, extending E. as far as Gujerat. It varies
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Lions
GULF OF somewhat in size; but for an adult African male, from snout to tip of tail, 10 feet, tail 3 feet, height at shoulder, 3 feet 6 inches, are average measurements. The Gujerat variety is somewhat smaller. "In color lions vary from a deep chestnut-brown to gray. The color of the mane varies equally. In the Nubian LION lion it is generally pale fulvous, and in Cape lions black, but all intermediate shades are found both in Nubia and the Dawkins Professor Cape country." enumerated among the Mid Pleistocene, and again among Late Pleistocene mammalia of Great Britain Fel's leo. A LIONESS Felis spelæa was once recognized; it is now deemed not specifically distinct from the common lion. In the Early Pleistocene, Professor Dawkins has the sabertoothed lion, sometimes called the sabertoothed tiger.
GULF OF, the large gulf of the Mediterranean on the S. of France, extends from the frontier with Spain E. to the Hyères Islands.
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Lipari Islands
known also as the ÆOLIAN ISLANDS, a volcanic group in the Mediterranean, consisting of half a dozen larger and numerous smaller islands, with an aggregate area of 116 square miles, and situated off the N. coast of Sicily, N. W. of Messina. 170 feet above the level They rise to 3,170 of the sea; many of the smaller islands form part of the rim of a gigantic crater. The ancient classical poets localized in these islands the abode of the fiery god Vulcan-hence their ancient name, Vulcaniæ Insulæ. Lipari is the largest. Pop. about 15,000. The principal products of the islands are grapes, figs, olives, wine (Malmsey), borax, pumice stone, and sulphur. The warm springs are much resorted to, and the climate is delightful. Lipari, the chief town, is a bishop's see and a seaport, and has 4,968 inhabitants. Stromboli (3,022 feet) is almost constantly active; Vulcano (1,017 feet) is so intermittently; the rest are extinct. Pop. of islands about 20,000.
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