Library
the name given to a collection of books, and to the building in which it is located. Libraries existed in ancient Egypt and Assyria, and Pisistratus is credited with the honor of introducing a public library at Athens about 337 B. C. By far the most celebrated library of antiquity was the Alexandrian. In the West libraries of note were founded in the second half of the 8th century by the encouragement of Charlemagne. In France one of the most celebrated was that in the abbey St. Germain des Prés, near Paris. In Germany, the libraries of Fulda, Corvey, and in the 11th century that of Hirschau, were valuable. In Spain, in the 12th century, the Moors had 70 public li-
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Libretto
the book of an opera. Among the most noteworthy librettists Felix Romano in Italy; Quinault, Marmontel, Scribe, Barbier, Meilhac and Halévy, as well as Sardou, in France; the poet Geibel (who wrote "Loreley" for Mendelssohn), and Schikaneder (who wrote the "Zauberflöte," etc., for Mozart) in Germany; and Gay, Alfred Bunn, Edward Fitzball, Theodore Hook, Planché, and Gilbert in England. Wagner stands alone, in that, after the "Flying Dutchman," he himself wrote the librettos of his great music-dramas.
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Libya
the name given by the oldest geographers to Africa. In Homer and Hesiod, it denoted the whole of this quarter of the globe, except Egypt; in Herodotus, occasionally, the entire continent; but it is also applied by others to the N. part of the country, from Egypt and the Arabian Gulf W. to Mount Atlas. The great sandy tract of which the Sahara forms the principal part, was called the Libyan Desert.
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Libya Italiana
the Italian pos- Aug. 25 sessions in north Africa, which include in a what was, before 1911, the Turkish provyear for ince, or vilayet, of Tripoli, and Cyrenaica, the former Mutessarifat of Bengazi. America The territory lies between the Libyan fornia, 1796. I Desert on the E. and Tunis on the W. a fortune o factor On account of the indefinite boundaries property er started with the desert the area can only be devoted self in No approximately given at from 1,000,000 poses. In 1847 to 1,500,000 square kilometers. This $ 1,765,000 ad investin territory was taken from the Turks by LICK In 1874 the Italians after the Turkish-Italian nected In the hant War of 1911, after which only the spirit- $ 150,000 to public ual authority of the caliphate was rec- Francisco ognized, according to the Treaty of Laution to of which of sanne. RVATORY the Unive
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Lichens
familiar plants and served er free po which form incrusting growths on rocks from $ and $540,0 and stones, on the stems and branches of called the trees, on walls and fences, and on the al Arts. earth itself. They are common in every LICK zone, and at all levels from the seashore 000, gav ical to the mountain summit. They are harhis relati Hamilton dy, long-lived plants, able to survive prolonged dessication. to $5,000. through al., Oct. 1, testator
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Lichfield
a city of Staffordshire, England, sixteen miles north from Birmingham. The name means field of the dead. The introduction of a t in the American Litchfield deprives the name of character. Lichfield possesses an English cathedral, a guild hall, a market hall, a corn exchange, a public library and museum. The population is about 8,000. The town is of interest to the traveler chiefly as the birthplace of Dr. Samuel Johnson. A statue in his honor stands in the marketplace facing the house where he was born. Garrick and Addison were educated in the old Lichfield grammar school.
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Lichgate
or Lychgate, a churchyard gate. The syllable lich is an old Saxon word meaning like. A lich is then a likeness or corpse of a person, and a lichgate is the gate through which the likeness or corpse is borne to its burial. As generally understood, the lichgate affords some sort of shelter varying from a rude shed to an elaborate architectural chapel in which the coffin rests while the first part of the burial service is read, before the corpse is borne to the grave or vault. The same syllable appears in Lichfield.
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Lichnowsky
PRINCE, a German obligation ARVATOR diplomat. After long experience in servscope, on the ing various German embassies abroad he than ata Clara became in 1911 Ambassador to Great the Berality of Britain. During the serious crisis caused & Sons by the Balkan War he handled Gerobject man relations with England in such a ( this to and way as effectively to prom promote peaceful venture Sope yet relations between the two nations. He Nov. tracted v was unable however to prevent the clash The flint achroma of war in 1914 and was handed his passby Feil 6 inches ports in August of that year. In March 1882. Cargest th of 1918 a copy of a memorandum made disk, act for) by himself for his own private defense at the The pric and justification reached the public. so brittle sk was His bitter criticism of German diploin Paris, matic methods and his exoneration of the nion, Sir Edward Grey, British Minister of traordinary nd read Foreign Affairs, brought him into great success 2, but t unpopularity in Germany. Feil. unfort
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Lichtenberg
a suburb of Berlin, dific Germany, situated to the E. of the capi- mounted tal and possessing many handsome resi- served was dences. Many of the important chari- suitable effor table institutions of Berlin have their to bear buildings here. Its industries include deliberation those dealing with the manufacture of with 987, as a pharmaceutical implements, leather the goods, carpets and pianos. Pop. about Hamilton obser use 82,000. cast
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Liddell
HENRY GEORGE, an English lexicographer, born in 1811. He was educated at Charterhouse and Christ Church, Oxford. He was made tutor of his college, and in 1845 Professor of Moral Philosophy in his university. After acting for nine years (1846- 1855) as head-master of Westminster School, he returned to Christ Church as dean. From 1870 to 1874 he was vicechancellor of the university. "Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon" (1843: 7th and definite ed. 1883) was based on the German one of Passer. It soon became indispensable to every serious student of Greek, and an edition was issued for schoolboys. Dr. Liddell's collaborator was Robert Scott, D. D. (1811-1887), master of Balliol College (1854-1870) . Dr. Liddell was the author of a "History of Rome" (1855). He died Jan. 18, 1898.
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