Each of these 17 subjects appears in only one of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. None is long enough to carry a page by itself, so they are gathered here by letter. Anything that grows moves out to a page of its own.
a market-town of Leicestershire, England, with a population in 1920 of about 23,000. From a bell foundry located there came the great bell of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. The chief industry is hosiery manufacture, but there are also iron mills and dye works. It is one of the few cities in England not represented in Parliament.
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surnamed "the Stammerer," was the son of Charles "the Bald." He was king of France from 877-879.
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the son of Louis II , ruled 879-882.
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the son of Charles "the Simple," was taken to England for safety while he was a child. He was for that reason surnamed "Over Sea." He ruled from 936-954.
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King of the French; born in Paris, France, Oct. 6, 1773. He was the eldest son of Duke Louis Philippe Joseph of Orleans, surnamed Egalité, and during his father's lifetime he was known as Duke of Chartres. He entered the army in 1791, and favoring the popular cause in the Revolution he took part in the battles of Valmy and Jemappes; was present at the bombardment of Venloo and Maestricht, and distinguished himself at Neerwinden from. For 21 years he remained exiled countries France and, living in America in various. European uropean had become Duke of Orleans on the death of his father in 1793, and in 1809 he married the daughter of Ferdinand IV. of Naples. After the fall of Napoleon I. he returned to France and was reinstated in his rank and property. At the revolution of July, 1830, he made "Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom," and in August became king of the French. He reigned for 18 years, when the revolution of 1848 drove him from the throne to England, where he remained till his death in Claremont, Aug. 26, 1850.
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the name given to a meretricious style of architecture and internal decoration which prevailed in France in the reign of Louis XIV. It was marked by a deterioration of taste, the natural laws of architecture being more and more neglected, and replaced by certain conventional rules for the application of the Roman columnar orders. The windows are larger, the rooms more lofty, than in the preceding period, and in everything there was a striving after pomp and sumptuousness. Gilt stucco work was largely used, the scroll and shell patterns being the characteristic features of ornamental decoration, the panels being formed by chains of scrolls, concave and convex alternately, but symmetry of arrangement was largely neglected.
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the name sometimes given to the style of architecture and internal ornamentation prevailing in France during the reign of Louis XV. It is often known under the designation Rococo (q. v.). Internal arrangement and decoration are the main characteristics of the style of this period, and in this direction the best results were doubtless obtained. Large and lofty rooms, as well as scope of display, were indispensable; consequently this style of embellishment was most happily carried out in state apartments, especially in princely castles and palaces and the mansions of the aristocracy. Curved lines superseded all straight straight lines both in ground plans and in designs, while the most ordinary and characteristic embellishments were volutes, shell-fish and scrolls, groups of fruit, garlands of flowers, hangings, etc.
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the "Do Nothing," was the last descendant of Charlemagne to occupy the French throne. He was a son of Lothair. He ruled from 986-987.
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called "the Fat," was a son of Philip. His rule extended from 1108-1137. He started a quarrel with England that lasted three centuries.
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"the Young," was the son of Louis VI . He ruled 1137-1180. He took part in the Second Crusade.
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"the Lion," was king of France from 1223-1226. He visited England and was received at London. LOUIS IX, "Saint Louis," was the son of Louis VIII. During his childhood, the kingdom was managed by his mother, Blanche of Castile. He was crowned in 1226 and died in 1270. He was canonized by the pope for the part he took in an important crusade against the Saracens in the Holy Land .
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"the Quarreler," succeeded his father Philip, "the Fair," in 1314 and reigned until 1316.
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the son of Charles VII, ascended the throne in 1461. He incorporated Burgundy and Anjou with the kingdom of France. He died in 1483.
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"the Father of the People," ruled 1498-1515.
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the son of Henry IV, ascended the throne in 1610. He died in 1643. Cardinal Richelieu was his prime minister. He was the son of Henry IV and Marie de Medici. He married Anne of Austria in 1615. The political power of the Huguenots was broken during his reign.
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Louis the Great, was one of the great monarchs of France. He came to the throne in 1643 and died in 1715. Cardinal Mazarin was his prime minister. He was a despotic ruler of great ability, the author of the famous saying, "I am the state." Under his rule France was the strongest military power in Europe. The nations combined against him. He was humbled finally by the English Duke of Marlborough on the battlefields of Blenheim and Oudenarde. He built the famous palace of Versailles at a cost of $15,000,000. He revoked the Edict of Nantes and drove the Huguenots from France. His reign was noted also in literature. It corresponds to the Elizabethan era in England. LOUIS XV ruled from 1723 to 1774. He was controlled largely by his mistresses, the notorious Pompadour and Du Barry . It was during his reign that France lost Louisiana to Spain and Canada to England.
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grandson of the preceding, was king of France from 1774-1792. He was a man as distinguished for the purity of his life as Louis XV was noted for debauchery. His special delight was the construction of mechanical toys, such as locks or clocks. In 1770, he married Marie Antoinette, archduchess of Austria. Turgot and Necker, his prime ministers, strove to bring order into French finances. It was during his reign that the French aided the American Revolutionists. When the French Revolution broke out Louis at first appeared to concur with the wishes of the people for a change of government, but, having attempted to escape from the country, he was arrested and thrown into prison. He was guillotined January 21, 1793. LOUIS XVII was the second son of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. On the execution of his father he was the heir to the French throne, which, however, he never occupied. He is called therefore a titular king.
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