These 8 listings are so strange that each appears in only one of the 7 encyclopedias we compared. They include such classics as Litchi, Literature, Literature.
GRACE DENIO, an time in travel American writer; born in New York in 1849. She spent much time in travel She was a zines, and h and studied in Europe. She was a fre- Little Venice quent contributor to magazines, and her best-known books are "Little Venice" (1890); "The Moving Finger Writes" 1913). mes of poems (1900); "The Burning Question" (1913). She also published two volumes of poems. (Nephelivr elicious fruit
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
or LEE-CHEE (Nephelium d the Malay Litchi), one of the most delicious fruits Hch produ of China, Cochin-China, and the Malay Archipelago. The tree which produces leaves. The it belongs to the natural order Sapinmall walnut, daceæ, and has pinnate leaves. The fruit is of the size of a small walnut, is a red or gh, leathery, and grows in racemes. It is a red or serai-tran green berry, with a thin, tough, leathery, of which is scaly rind, and a colorless, semi-trans- The pul parent pulp, in the center of which is one large dark-brown seed. The pulp is very slightly sweet, subacid, and very grateful. The Chinese preserve the fruit by drying, and in the dried state it is imported. , or LITRE, the French standard measure of capacity in the decimal LITER each side of which system. It is a cube, cube, measures 3.937 inches, and it contains 61.028 cubic inches, or 2.113 pints. TY, property in
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
Finnish. The Kalevala is the great monument of Finnish literature . The poem is a national epic or folk epic. Elias Lounrot in the nineteenth century wandered through the country and took down from the lips of peasants the old popular songs, arranging and systematizing them into a single complete poem. The story is of the heroes of Kalevala, the land of happiness, and their contest with other heroes from the cold north and the land of death. The poem consists in its final edition of 22,793 lines in fifty cantos. The meter is trochaic tetrameter, the same we find in Longfellow's Hiawatha. The Kalevala has been translated into English by J. M. Crawford. During the nineteenth century the Finnish people have displayed considerable literary activity. Works on history and geography have been produced, as well as religious and moral treatises. A number of poets have written popular verses. Translations have also been made from Swedish literature . See Kalevala
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia
Icelandic. The ancient literature of Scandinavia in the Old Norse tongue has been preserved in Iceland. It consists of the Eddas, the Sagas, and the poems of the Skalds. It is discussed in separate articles under these three heads. The systematizing of these remains is due to the intelligent and painstaking labor of Icelandic scholars. No modern Icelandic works can compare in interest with these ancient writings. However, the people of Iceland are intelligent and progressive, and since the middle of the eighteenth century work has been done by them in nearly every department of literature. The most important works of European nations have been translated into the Icelandic tongue. See Edda ; Saga ; Skald
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia
Norwegian. Norway possessed no independent literature until the nineteenth century. Among prominent writers whose aim has been to give to Norway a national literature may be mentioned Bjornson, Jonas Lie, Boyesen, and Ibsen. See Bjornson ; Lie ; Boyesen ; Ibsen
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia
Portuguese. The earliest monuments of Portuguese literature are ballads, after the Provencal fashion. They were doubtless sung by wandering minstrels, and owe their origin to the French knights who founded the political independence of Portugal. The last part of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century may be called the golden age of Portuguese poetry, though not until 1524 did a poet appear whose name attained celebrity outside of the peninsula. This was Luis de Camoens (1524-1579). His epic poem, the Lusiad, constitutes the great claim of Portugal to a literature. See Camoens
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia
Spanish. The earliest literary work of Spain is the Poem of the Cid of the twelfth century. Following this, although somewhat later, the literature of Spain falls into two classes: that produced in court circles, usually poetry of the troubadour style; and what may be called the popular literature. The latter is of more interest than the former. Popular literature up to the middle of the sixteenth century consists of ballads, the lyrical and narrative poetry of the common people; chronicles, comprising The Chronicle of Spain and various records of persons and events; romances of chivalry; and dramas, that is, mysteries and miracle plays. About the middle of the sixteenth century, the mysteries, heretofore the only dramatic production, began to decline, and a form of drama arose, more original and more purely national than that of any other European nation except England. The names that are prominent in connection with Spanish drama are Lope de Rueda, Lope de Vega, and Calderon. In fiction we need mention only Cervantes, by far the greatest name in Spanish literature. Spanish literature in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has been greatly influenced by the French. Many writers have appeared but little of importance has been produced. See Drama ; Troubadours ; Cervantes ; Don Quixote ; Cid
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia
Swedish. The oldest remains of Swedish literature are in the form of Runes, indicating that legends and folk tales were common. With the introduction of Christianity the clergy became the important factor and their works follow Latin models. During the period of the Reformation a translation of the Bible was made and mystery plays appeared in Sweden as elsewhere. Messenius attempted to substitute history for legend in these plays, his efforts marking the first development in the drama. The greatest name of the period is that of Sternhjelm, who produced odes, lyrics, and didactic poetry. During the eighteenth century, French taste prevailed and French models were imitated in Sweden as elsewhere in Europe. Gustavus III, as a master of rhetoric; Dalin, who is likened to Addison; Kellgren, the lyric poet; and Leopold, the dramatist, are the most notable names of this period of formalism and slavish imitation. With the second decade of the nineteenth century, a new era dawned. Romanticism represents the reaction from French theories. The phosphorists were a school of writers representing the extreme of romanticism. In opposition to the Romanticists arose the Gothic school aiming at a national literature. To this school belong the most famous poets of Swedish literature--Geijer, Tegner, Runeberg. Fiction now received attention. Frederika Bremer and Cederborg are prominent names in this line. In the later part of the century nearly every department of literature had its able representatives. See Runes ; Tegner ; Geijer ; Runeberg ; Hedin; Lagerlof
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia