Marchand
JEAN BAPTISTE (mär-shong'), a French military officer; born in Thoissey, Ain, France, Nov. 22, 1863. He entered the army in 1883. He spent some time in a military school, and was then sent to Africa. His first service was in Senegambia, and as early as 1890 he was dispatched on exploring expeditions to the sources of the Niger and other districts. He established in 1898 the post of Fashoda on the White Nile, and refused to withdraw on command of the British until ordered to do so by his own government. In 1899 he received a tremendous popular ovation in Paris. He became a colonel in 1902, but retired in 1904. He performed useful service in the World War.
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Marches
THE, a territory of Italy, comprising a region lying between the Apennines and the Adriatic, and divided into four provinces-Urbino and Pesaro, Ancona, Macerata, and Ascoli; total area, 3,749 square miles; pop. about 1,175,000.
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Marcianus
Emperor of Rome after the death of Theodosius II., in 450. He was a Thracian of obscure origin. His reign, which lasted but six years, was marked by peaceful and energetic measures. He died in 457.
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Marcomanni
a name meaning Men of the Marches, or Frontiers, or Borderers, and given by the Ro- GENERAL PEYTON C. MARCH mans to various tribes on the confines of Germany. Some hordes under this name were driven out of Gaul by Julius Cæsar, 58 B. C. Maroboduus formed a league among these tribes, and concluded a treaty with Tiberius (afterward emperor), in the year 6. The Cherusci defeated the Marcommani in 17, and a peace was mediated between them by Drusus. Domitian made war on them, and was defeated in 90. In alliance with other tribes they invaded the Roman empire in 166, when a war commenced which was not brought to a close till 180. They ravaged Italy in 270. The last notice of Marcomanni is in 451, when they formed a contingent of the army with which Attila invaded Gaul and Italy.
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Marcy
MOUNT, the highest peak (5,344 feet) in the Adirondacks, and the loftiest point in New York State. It is in Essex county, 10 miles south of Lake Placid.
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Mardin
a town in the vilayet of Diarbekir in north Mesopotamia, strikingly situated on the S. slopes of the Mardin Hills. Pop. about 25,000, of whom half are Moslem Kurds.
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Mare Island
an island in San Pablo Bay, Cal., 28 miles N. of San Francisco. Here are located a United States naval arsenal and dockyard. These include wet and dry docks, marine barracks, ordnance yards, a hospital, and extensive repair shops. It is the station for the Pacific Fleet, and during the World War was the scene of many important naval activities.
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Mareia
LAKE. See MAREOTIS, LAKE.
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Maremma
a marshy region of Italy, extending along the sea coast of Tuscany from the Cecina river to Orbitello; area of about 1,000 square miles. In Roman times and earlier the Maremma was a fruitful and populous plain; but the decay of agriculture fostered malaria, which now reigns supreme in a great part of this district. Leopold II. of Tuscany directed especial attention (1824-1844) to the drainage and amelioration of the Maremma, and his efforts and subsequent measures have been attended with considerable success. Crops are now grown in the summer on the fertile soil of the infected area by the inhabitants of the adjoining hill country, who go down only to sow and to reap their crops. During winter the Maremma is healthier and yields good pasture. a village of MARENGO (ma-rengo Italy, in a marshy northern district, near the Bormida, 3 miles S. E. of Alessandria. Here on June 14, 1800, Napoleon, with 33,000 French, defeated 30,500 Austrians under Melas.
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Mareotis
or MA- REIA (ma-rē'yä), LAKE LAI (the modern El Mariut), a salt lake or marsh in the N. of Egypt, extending S. from Alexandria, and separated from the Mediterranean, on its N. W. side, by a narrow isthmus of sand. In the 15th and 16th centuries it was a navigable lake; in 1798 it was found by the French to be a dry, sandy plain; but in 1801 the English army cut the dikes of the canal that separated the Lake of Aboukir from Mareotis, to cut off the water supply of the French, and Mareotis became once more a marsh. The like happened again in 1803, in 1807, and in 1882; on the last occasion the sea was introduced directly through a cutting 15 feet wide and half a mile long.
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Margaret of Anjou
daughter of René, King of Sicily, and wife of Henry VI., King of England; Eng of Navarre, and sister to Francis I., King
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Margaret of Navarre
Queen of France ; born in Angoulême, April 11, 1492. She was the daughter of Charles of Orleans, Duke d'Angoulême. In 1509 she married Charles, Duke d'Alençon, the wife of Henri d'Albret, King of bret, mother of Henri VI. Besides other Navarre, by whom she had Jeanne d'Alworks, she wrote the "Heptameron," a collection of tales, after the manner of Boccaccio. She died in Bigone, France, Sept. 21, 1549. istry, C17H34O2=C15 H31. CH2.CO.OH. Cetyl MARGARIC (-gar'-) ACID , in chemcarbonic acid. A name applied to an acid obtained by boiling cetylic cyanide with potassic hydrate solution. It resembles palmytic acid, forming white crystals, which melt at 59.9°, and boil at 277° under a pressure of 100 mm. v an MARGARINE. See OLEOMARGARINE. island in the Caribbean Sea, belonging to MARGARITA (mär-gä-rē'tä), Venezuela; area, 380 square miles; in the state of Nueva Esparta. Discovered by famous for its pearl fisheries. Columbus in 1498, Margarita was long England, in the isle of Thanet, Kent. It
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Margaritomancy
Divination by pearls. A pearl was covered with a vase, and placed near the fire, and the names of suspected persons pronounced. When the name of the guilty one was uttered the pearl was supposed to bound upwards and pierce the bottom of the vase.
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Margay
a feline from Brazil and Italy. Born at Turin in 1857. Daughter
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Margherita
Queen Dowager of in 1868 the Prince Royal Humbert, who of Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa. Married succeeded his father Victor Emanuel to nated July 9, 1900. the throne Jan. 9, 1878, and was assassitransactions in stocks, bonds, or food-
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