Martineau, Harriet
mar'ti-no, Harriet (1802-1876, an English author. She was born without the senses of taste and smell, and became very deaf at the age of sixteen. In 1830-1 she wrote three essays for the Unitarian Association, designed to be circulated as tracts, looking to the conversion of Catholics, Jews, and Mohammedans to Unitarianism. A critic writes: "The essays probably converted nobody, but brought in forty-five guineas." She traveled in the United States , lecturing in support of the Abolitionists. She wrote The History of England During the Thirty Years' Peace, The Philosophy of Comte, British Rule in India, The Endowed Schools of Ireland, Forest and Game Law Tales, Society in America, and A Retrospect of Western Travel. She is remembered chiefly as the author of The Peasant and the Prince, a story of French life for juvenile readers into which she weaves the theories of Malthus, Ricardo, and James Mill.
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Martinelli
SEBASTIAN (märte-nelle), a papal delegate; born in Lucca, Tuscany, Aug. 20, 1848; studied at the St. Anne Seminary in Lucca, and at the College of St. Augustine in Rome; was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in March, 1871; made prior-general of the Augustinian Order in 1889; appointed apostolic delegate to the United States, and consecrated a special archbishop in 1896; was raised to the cardinalate, April 15, 1901, and recalled in 1902.
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Martinique
native name Madiana (mä-de-änä), one of the Lesser Antilles, in the West Indies; area, 381 square miles; miles; pop. (1916) 193,- 087, of whom only 10,000 are whites. Sugar, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, and cotton are the main crops, besides about 40,000 acres under cultivation for food products; imports (1918) about $10,500,000, exports about $9,800,000. Chief commercial town Fort-de-France (about 22,000). The island was colonized by the French in 1635. A terrible volcanic eruption of Mont Pelée devasted the island in 1902, reducing the population two-thirds and entirely destroying the city of St. Pierre, where only one survivor remained. The loss of life was over 30,000.
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Martinsburg
a city and countyseat of Berkeley co., W. Va.; on the Pennsylvania, Western Maryland and Baltimore and Ohio railroads; 70 miles W. of Washington, D. C. It contains a hospital, several private educational institutions , an excellent high school, United States court house, and weekly newspapers. It has woolen and hosiery mills, foundry, lime, brass, and phosphate works, the shops of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, quarries, wagon factories, canning factory, etc. Pop. (1910) 10,- 698; (1920) 12,515.
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Martyr
one who suffers death or persecution on account of his religious belief. One who, for the sake of a great cause or ruling principle, makes sacrifice of life, estate, or worldly station.
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Martyr
PETER (PIETRO VER- MIGLI), an Italian reformer; born in Florence, Italy, Sept. 8, 1500. He entered the order of the regular canons of St. Augustine at Fiesole in 1516, and in 1519 removed to Padua, where he studied Greek and philosophy. After holding important offices in his order he was compelled in 1542 on account of his religious opinions to take refuge in Zürich. Soon after he became Professor of Divinity at Strassburg, and in 1547 accompanied Bucer and other reformers, on the invitation of Archbishop Cranmer, to England. In 1556 he removed to Zürich to occupy the office of theological professor. Martyr was the author of many works on divinity, including Biblical commentaries. He died in 2 Zürich, Nov. 12, 1562.
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Marvell
ANDREW, an English publicist; born in Winestead, Yorkshire, England, March 31, 1621. He was educated at Cambridge University. After employment abroad he became secretary to the poet Milton. Charles II. delighted in his wit and conversation. Marvell steadily refused to sacrifice his personal and political integrity. Attempts were made to win his influence. "Honest Andrew Marvell" died in London, Aug. 18, 1678.
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Marwar
or JODHPUR (jōd-pör'), a state of Hindustan, tributary to the British; area, 34,963 square miles; pop. about 2,200,000. Marwar may be taken as the type of the old Rajpoot states of India. The country consists generally of open plains, the hills being almost confined to the S.; the soil, almost everywhere watered by torrents and affluents of the Loonee, or Salt river, produces heavy crops of barley and other kinds of grain; the inhabitants are chiefly Rajpoots. Capital, Jodhpur, 100 miles W. S. W. of Ajmeer.
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Marx
KARL (märks), a German socialist, born in Treves, May 5, 1818. He studied jurisprudence, philosophy, and history at Bonn and Berlin; edited the "Journal of the Rhine," 1842-1843; on its suppression went to Paris, but was expelled from there (1845) and took refuge at Brussels; founded the "New Journal of the Rhine" at Cologne (1848); expelled again from Prussia (1849), settled in London. He was the controlling spirit of the International, 1864-1872. His great work was "Das Kapital" (Capital: 1867; new ed. 1885). Vol. I, containing all the essential points of his theory, was translated into English (London, 1887). The entire work appeared in an English translation in 1893. He died in London, March 14, 1883. Marx's philosophy in distorted form became the foundation of the Bolshevist and other radical movements which were the aftermath of the World War. See BOL- SHEVISMm.
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Mary
The Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus. She is described in the New Testament narrative as a maiden in lowly circumstances, but of the line of David. She lived in the obscure village of Nazareth, in Galilee, and was betrothed to Joseph, a carpenter. Christ was born in Bethlehem of Judea, in one of the eastern inns contrived for the accommodation of both beast and traveler. There is a tradition to the effect that she died at Jerusalem 63 A. D. She became an object of general veneration by the church during the third and fourth centuries. See Madonna
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Mary
QUEEN OF SCOTS (MARY STUART), only daughter of James V. of Scotland and Mary of Guise; born in Linlithgow, Scotland, Dec. 8, 1542. James, dying of chagrin in a few days after her her birth, the Parliament made James, Earl of Arran-head of the great house of Hamilton , and heir-presumptive to the throne regent of the kingdom. Mary was crowned Queen of Scotland, at Stirling, in 1543. The young queen's betrothal to the Dauphin, son of Henry II., led to Mary's visit to France in 1548, where George Buchanan taught her Latin, and Ronsard, poetry. The marriage of the Dauphin with Mary took place in 1558. On the death of Henry II., and her husband's accession to the throne as Francis II., Mary became Queen of France, a position which lasted not quite ber, 1560. Mary now coldly treated in country. In Scotland, at this time, the France resolved to return to her native Roman Catholic party had been overthrown. of national importance, she finally made Mary's marriage becoming an object choice of her cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, a handsome, accomplished, dissipated youth. On July 20, 1565, Darnley was created Duke of Albany, and nine days after the marriage was solemnized; Darnley being created, also, king-consort on the day preceding. Her half-brother,
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