Madder
in botany, the genus Rubia, and specially R. tinctorum. It is a trail ing or climbing annual, supporting itself by its leaves and prickles. It is supplied chiefly from Holland, France, Italy, and Turkey. Indian madder, called also madder of Bengal, is R. cordifolia; madder of Chile, R. augustissima or Relboum. In chemistry, the root of R. tinctorum is extensively used in dyeing for the production of a variety of colors, namely, red, pink, purple, black, and chocolate. The colors produced from madder are very stable, the well-known Turkey-red being one of them; and the tints and shades obtainable, according to the mordant used, are very numerous. Alizarin, or madder red, discovered by Robiquet, may be extracted with solvents, or obtained by sublimation in the form of beautiful reddish needles (see ALIZARIN). In pharmacy, madder is a tonic, a diuretic, and an emmenagogue. Brown madder, a rich red-brown pigment, prepared from the roots of R. tinctorum.
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Madeira
ma-de'ra, a group of islands situated in the Atlantic Ocean, west of Africa. The group is a district of the kingdom of Portugal. The name of the group is derived from that of the chief island. The word Madeira is Portuguese, signifying a wood or forest. Area, 314 square miles; population in 1900, 150,574. The inhabitants are of Portuguese descent. The hot winds of the Sahara reach the islands occasionally; otherwise the climate is charmingly agreeable. The islands are celebrated as a health resort and for the production of Madeira wine and sugar. See Canaries; Wine
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Madeira (Great affluent of the Amazon)
the great affluent of the Amazon, having its origin in the confluence of the Mamoré and Guaporé, at about lat. 12° S., the Beni joining 110 miles lower down, and then flowing N. E. to the Amazon, its drainage basin embracing about 425,000 square miles. From its mouth to its first falls the distance is 578 miles; above this point navigation is broken by a series of 19 falls, rapids, and cataracts for a distance of 230 miles. Its chief tributary is the Rio Teodoro, formerly Rio Duvida (River of Doubt), explored in 1914 by Theodore Roosevelt, and re-named by Brazil in his honor.
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Madeira (Portuguese island in the North)
a Portuguese island in the North Atlantic, 360 miles from the coast of Africa, 530 miles from Lisbon, 1,215 from Plymouth; length, 30 miles; breadth, 13 miles; area, 314 square miles; pop. about 175,000. The island is traversed by a central mountain ridge, the highest point of which reaches 6,000 feet; from this great spurs descend to the coast, forming lofty precipices; and in the bays formed between these volcanic cliffs are situated the villages of Madeira. Adjacent to Madeira is Porto Santo, a small island, and the Desertas, which, with Madeira itself, compose the group of the Madeiras. The staple products of Madeira are wine and sugar. The mean annual temperature is 65°, the two hottest months being August and September, and the three coldest January, February, and March. The climate is equable and the island is considered an excellent sanatorium for chest diseases. Capital and chief center of trade, FUNCHAL ( q. v.); pop. about 25,000. The Madeiras were known to the Romans, and were rediscovered and colonized by the Portuguese in 1431.
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Madero
FRANCISCO, President of Mexico; born in Coahuila 1873, and, after receiving a good education, devoted himself to the development of the large FRANCISCO MADERO estates belonging to his family. In 1903 he entered actively into politics, forming the Club Democratico Benito Juarez, and leading the independent voters against Diaz. His book, "La Sucesión Presidencial en 1910," which attacked the autocratic regime of Diaz, singled him out as Diaz's logical opponent in the election then looming, and he was nominated by the National Democratic party. He was, however, thrown into prison, and on release fled to the United States, returning to put himself at the head of an armed revolt. Diaz submitting, Madero was made president. In 1912 revolts broke out, Huerta deserting him and ng about his He was bringing murdered on Feb. 23, 1913, four days after his resignation. See MEXICO.
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Madison
town in Madison co., Ill., two miles from St. Louis, Mo. A dozen different railway systems meet in vicinity, and the town is almost wholly industrial. The manufacturing establishments include iron and steel mills, railroad shops, lead plants, and stone mills. The town has schools and libraries. Pop. (1910) 5,046; (1920) 4,996.
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Madison (City and county-seat)
a city and county-seat of Jefferson co., Ind.; on the Ohio river, and on the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St. Louis railroad; 45 miles N. of Louisville, Ky. The city has steamboat connection with various places on the Kentucky, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers. It contains a public library, electric lights, National banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers, and the Southeastern Indiana Hospital for the Insane, and has many manufactories, ship lumber yards, shipyards, and cotton and woolen mills. Pop. (1910) 6,934; (1920) 6,711.
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Madison (City county-seat of Dane co)
a city, county-seat of Dane co., and capital of the State of Wisconsin; on the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, the Chicago and Northwestern, and the Illinois Central railroads; 75 miles W. of Milwaukee. It is situated in the Four Lake country, being built on a strip of land between Lakes Mendota and Monona. It contains the capital, county court house, county jail, University of Wisconsin, State Institution for the Insane, United States Government Building, Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and several libraries. It has electric street railroads, gas and electric lights, waterworks, National and State banks, and daily and weekly newspapers. The city air is a well-known summer resort, its being recommended as beneficial for lung has a large trade in agridiseases. It cultural productions, manufactories of bicycles, machinery, farming implements, carriages, wagons, etc. Pop. (1910) 25,- 531; (1920) 38,378.
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Madisonville
capital of Hopkins co., Ky., on the Kentucky Midland railroad, 40 miles S. E. of Henderson. It forms the junction to several railroads and has timber mills and coal mines. Agricultural products, especially tobacco, are important articles of trade. Owns many of its public utilities. Pop. (1910) 4,966; (1920) 5,030.
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Madre De Dios
chief tributary of Beni river, South America, over 900 miles long, rising in Peru, and running through Bolivia. At Rivera Alta nearly a mile wide.
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