Montcalm
LOUIS JOSEPH SAINT VÉRAN, MARQUIS DE, a French general; born near Nîmes, France, Feb. 29, 1712. He distinguished himself in several campaigns in Europe, and in 1756 was appointed to the chief command of the French troops in Canada. Here he took Fort Ontario (Oswego), Fort William Henry (on Lake George), and occupied Ticonderoga (1758); but at Quebec, Sept. 14, 1759, was completely defeated by General Wolfe on the Heights of Abraham, both commanders being mortally wounded.
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Montceau-Les-Mines
a town of France in the department of Saone-et- Loire. It is the center of an important coal-mining region and has iron works, machine shops, and textile factories, etc. Pop. about 27,000.
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Montclair
a town in Essex co. N. J., on the Erie and the Lackawanna railroads; 6 miles N. by W. of Newark, on the first range of the Orange Mountains, at an elevation of about 300 feet. Many New York and Newark business men reside in Montclair. The town has a hospital, military academy, State normal school, art museum, public library, high school, State and savings banks, weekly newspapers, many handsome residences. Pop. (1910) 21,550; (1920) 28,810. MONT DE PIÉTÉ (mông duh pē-ā-tā'), a public benevolent institution, existing in Italy, France, Spain, etc., and said to have been first established at Perugia in the later half of the 15th century by Father Barnabas of Terni, and to have taken its name from the hill on which it was situated. The object was to deliver the needy from the usurious Jewish money lenders, by lending money at lowest cost on pledges. The mont de piété of Paris advances to the value of about two-thirds of the pledges, charging interest at the rate of 4½ per cent. per annum, besides 4 per cent. per month for the expenses of the establishment. The monti frumentarii are granaries established in different parts of Italy to supply the needy with grain on the same principle as the monts de piété. In 1894, the Rev. David H. Greer, D.D., rector of St. Bartholomew's Protestant Episcopal Church, New York city, inaugurated a similar system.
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Montdidier
a town in northern France. In the World War, during the German drive toward Paris, in August, 1914, Montdidier was occupied and held by the invaders. When Marshal Foch, commander of the Allied forces, began the great offensive movement against the Germans, in the late summer of 1918, General Debeny's French army captured Montdidier on Aug. 10. Pop. about 5,000. MONT - DORE - LES - BAINS ( môngof Auvergne, dor-la-bang'), a village department of Puy - de- , France; in the Dôme, 3,412 feet above the sea-level, in is bordered a picturesque valley, which and closed toby rugged volcanic hills, of jagged ward the S. by a semicircle of which mountains, the highest point , feet), is is the the Pic de Sancy (6,188 France. The loftiest mountain in central Mont Dore mineral springs, used by the in affections Romans, are of great value of the respirof the throat, most diseases atory organs, and rheumatism. MONTEBELLO CASTEGGIO (mon-teof northern bellō kä-ted'jō), a village Austrians were defeated Italy, where the army under General Lannes, by a French 1800. In May, 1859, the Aus- June 9, defeated here by the trians were again united French and Piedmontese army.
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Monte Cenisio
an Alpine peak and pass between Savoy and Piedmont; height of the mountain, 11,792 feet; of the pass, 6,884 feet. Over the pass a road was constructed (1802- 1810), under Napoleon's orders. Thirteen 7½ miles long, was begun in 1857 on the miles W. of the pass a railroad tunnel, Italian side, and in 1863 on the French, finished in 1870 at a cost of $15,000,000.
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Monte Cristo
a small circumference belonging island 6 miles in of Elba, the seat A to Italy, 25 miles of S. colony. Dumas gave the name of a penal of the isle to the hero of his most popular romance.
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Monte Rosa
an Alpine Mountain mass with four principal peaks, in the Pennine ridge which separates the Swiss canton of Valais from Italy. The highest peak, the Dufourspitze, 15,217 feet high, was first climbed in 1855. MONTE SANT'ANGELO (sänt än'je-lō), a city of southern Italy, 28 miles N. E. of Foggia. It stands 2,790 feet above sea-level, on one of the Gargano hills, and is famed for its exquisite honey. Pop. about 15,000. MONTE SILVIO. See MATTERHORN.
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Montecatini
a water- N. W. of ing place of Italy, 30 miles are sa- Florence. Its mineral springs for abdominal line, and are efficacious . complaints, scrofula, and dysentery
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Montenotte
a small village of northern Italy, 26 miles W. of Genoa, where Napoleon won his first victory over the Austrians, April 12, 1796. MONTEPULCIANO (mon-te-pöl-chä'nō), a town of Italy, a bishop's see, 43 miles S. E. of Siena. The birthplace of Politian and Bellarmine, and is famous for its red wine. Pop. about 16,000.
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Montereau
a French town at the confluence of the Seine and Yonne. At the bridge here, in 1419, Jeansans-Peur, Duke of Burgundy, was as sassinated at the instigation and in the presence of the young Dauphin, afterward Charles VII. In the vicinity Napoleon, on Feb. 18, 1814, gained his last victory over the allies.
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Montespan
(mông-tuh-spong'), FRANÇOISE ATHENAIS, MARQUISE DE, mistress of Louis XIV.; born in 1641. She was the daughter of Gabriel de Rochechouart, Duc de Mortemart, are no married in 1663 the Marquis de Montespan, and became attached to the household of the queen. Her beauty and wit captivated the heart of the king, and about 1668 she became his mistress, without, however, as yet supplanting La Vallière. Montespan reigned till 1682, and bore the king eight children, which were legitimized, but at last her influence paled before the rising star of Madame are de Maintenon, governess to her children. being In 1687 she left the court, in 1691 Paris itself and died in Bourbon-l'Archambault, May 27, 1707.
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Montessori
MARIA, an Italian doctor and educator; born in 1870, she received the degree of doctor of medicine when she was twenty-four years old, being the first woman in Italy to secure that degree. By her work as a doctor among feeble-minded children she became interested in the subject of their education. Her success in this field turned her attention to the education of normal children. In 1907 the House of Childhood was founded under her direction, and since that time others have followed.
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