Minerva (Goddess of wisdom war and all)
Known to the Greeks as Athena (or Pallas Athene) . The goddess of wisdom, war, and all the liberal arts, sprang, full-grown and armed, from the head of Jupiter , and was immediately admitted to the assembly of the gods, and became one of the most faithful counselors of her father. Her power in heaven was great: she could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, prolong the life of men, and bestow the gift of prophecy. She was known among the ancients by many names. She was called Athena, Pallas, Parthenos, Tritonia (because she was worshipped near the lake Tritonis) and Hippia (because she first taught mankind how to manage the horse), Sais (because she was worshipped at Sais), and some other names. She is usually represented with a helmet on her head, a spear in one hand, and a shield, ornamented with the head of Medusa , in the other. Temples were erected for her worship in different places, one of the most renowned of which was the "Parthenon" at Athens . From this building a large collection of ancient sculpture was brought to the British Museum by Lord Elgin more than seventy years ago, which is known as the Elgin Marbles. Lord Byron wrote a scathing satire in reference to the removal of these marbles, familiar to his readers under the title of The Curse of
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Minerva (He describes the goddess)
Father Nile. He describes the goddess as Father Nile. appearing, grief-stricken, to appeal against what his lordship deemed a desecration: "Yes, 'twas Minerva's self; but ah, how changed Since o'er the Dardan field in arms she ranged! Not such as erst, by her divine command, Her form appear'd from Phidias' plastic hand; Gone were the terrors of her awful brow, Her idle aegis bore no Gorgon now."
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Mines
SUBMARINE. See SUB- MARINES.
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Mines
BUREAU OF, a bureau of the Department of the Interior, estab- MINERVA lished in 1910 for the purpose of conducting scientific and technologic investigations relating to mining and the preparation and utilization of mineral substances, with a view to the increase of health, safety, and efficiency. It has devoted much attention to the problem of mine gases, rescues from mine disasters, and first-aid training for miners. It cooperates in its investigations with the mining departments of all the colleges and universities which have such departments. In 1920 the bureau had 11 mining experiment stations, 9 mine safety cars, and 7 mine safety stations. During the World War the bureau co-operated with all the departments of the government in the investigation of minerals, ores, and metals especially needed. The work of the bureau has greatly decreased the fatalities from coal-mine accidents.
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Minho
a river of Spain and Portugal, rising in the N. E. of Galicia, flowing S. W. through the Spanish provinces of Lugo and Orense, and, after forming the boundary between Portugal and Spain, falling into the Atlantic Ocean; total length, 174 miles; it is navigable for small craft 25 miles above its mouth; a bar at the entrance prevents the passage of large vessels. Area of basin, 157,000 square miles. Its chief tributary is the Sil, which joins it from the left.
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Minimum Wage
a term applied to legislation tending to limit the downward tendency of wages, usually in favor of women. It is a part of that class of legislation which has been the entering wedge in the disruption of the old individualist principle that the field of industry and economics should be left entirely to free competition, or the law of supply and demand. It was in the Australian colony of Victoria that the first minimum wage legislation was enacted, with results so satisfactory to organized labor and its sympathi sympathizers that of further agitait became the subject tion in Great Britain and the United States, beginning about 1905. By 1920 minimum wage statutes had been enacted in Ariz., Ark., Cal., Col., Utah, Wash., Wis., Dist. of Col., Kans., Mass., Minn., N. D., Oreg., and P. R. Because of constidefined by the tutional limitations, as courts, it applies only to women and children. In Utah direct laws have been enacted, regulating minimum wage scales, while in other States the actual regulation is left to special commissions, with power to adapt the regulation to changing economic conditions.
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Mining Engineers
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF, association established in 1871, having among its objects the development of the arts and sciences associated with the mining of minerals and metals and their uses in trade, and the publication of information connected with the industry and profession. The institute has its central offices in New York City and issues several publications in the course of the year, including the "Annual Transactions," and a monthly "Bulletin." It holds periodical meetings and has a membership approaching 6,000.
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Minium
the red oxide of lead, often designated red lead and commonly used as a pigment for ordinary purposes.
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Miniver
the Siberian squirrel, which has fine white fur; also the fur itself.
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Minnequa Springs
chalybeate sulphur waters in Bradford co., Pa.
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Minnesota River
a river in the United States, which flows through Minnesota and falls into the Mississippi 5 miles above St. Paul; length, 470 miles. MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational, non-sectarian institution in Minneapolis, Minn.; founded in 1868; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 976; students, 7,451; volumes in library, 280,000; income, $4,337,- 094; president, Marion Le Roy Burton.
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Minnow
a fresh-water fish caught chiefly for bait. There are a thousand kinds of minnows. Upward of one hundred varieties are known in the northeastern United States . The common minnows are known to fishermen as shiners. They go in schools, and, for fear of large fishes, keep usually to shallow water. Minnows have no food value. Their place in nature is to serve as food for larger fish. They are introduced in fish ponds for that purpose. See Fish
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Minnow
or MINIM, in ichthyology, Leuciscus phoxinus, common all over Europe; its average size is about three inches. It is generally found in the same streams with trout, swimming in schools. Known also as the minim. Also a popиlar name in the United States for the small fishes of many genera of Cyprinidæ.
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