Newburgh
a city of Orange co., N. Y.; on the Hudson river, and on the Erie, the West Shore, and the New York Central and Hudson River railroads; 60 miles N. of New York. The Hudson river here expands into Newburgh Bay, about 8 miles long and 2 miles wide. The city is built on sloping ground rising 300 feet above river-level. It con- Hospital, a public litains St. Luke's demy, Nabrary, Masonic Temple, an academy, tional and savings banks, Home for the Friendless, Home for Children, waterworks, and electric light and street railroad plants. It is a shipping point for grain, dairy products, flour, coal, etc. It also has flour, cotton, woolen and plaster mills, tanneries, and manufactories of machinery, etc. Washington's Headquarters, an old stone mansion, with many relics of the Revolutionary War, is a noted attraction, and near by is a anique Trophy Memorial. The first settlement was made in 1709. Pop. (1910) 27,805; (1920) 32,779
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Newbury
a market-town of Berkshire, England, on the Kennet, 17 miles W. by S. of Reading, and 55 from London. It has an old church built in the reign of Henry VII. The grammar school claims King John for its founder (1216). The town has many ancient and wealthy charities. It was incorporated by Elizabeth in 1596. Two hard-fought battles took place here in the Great Re- 1644. bellion-one in 1643; the other in Pop. about 13,000.
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Newburyport
a city, port of entry, and one of the county-seats of Essex co., Mass.; on the Merrimac river, ; and on the Boston and Maine railroad the 37 miles N. E. of Boston. It contains Putnam Free School, Anna Jacques Hospital, high school, public library, an Old Ladies' Home, Marine Museum, the house in which William Lloyd Garri- Church, son was born, the Old South where the remains of Whitefield are buried, electric light and street railroad plants, daily and weekly newspapers, and National and savings banks. It has manufactories of machinery, cotton goods, boots and shoes, fiber braid, collars and cuffs, hats, and silverware. Pop. (1910) 14,949; (1920) 15,618.
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Newcastle-Under-Lyme
a parſiamentary and municipal borough of Staffordshire, England, on the Lyme brook, 147 miles N. W. by N. of London. , malting, and the making Brewing of paper and army clothing are the principal industries, while the surrounding district is noted for its potteries, and numerous coal mines are worked. Pop. about 21,000.
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Newcastle-Upon-Tyne
a city in Northumberland co., England, on the Tyne, 54 miles E. of Carlisle. It is built on an acclivity extending along the river on the site of an old Roman camp. The principal buildings are St. Nicholas Church, the Mansion House, the Trinity House, Exchange, and Moot Hall. In Grey street is erected a column 136 feet high, and surmounted by a colossal statue of Earl Grey. The chief manufactures are glass, pottery, chemicals, iron, tin, and other metal goods. Ship building is carried on largely. Its importance is mainly owing to the coal trade from the mines along both banks of the Tyne. The proverbial expression, "Carrying coals to Newcastle," allusion to this city. The port of Newcastle is fourth in rank in Great Britain. Pop. about 300,000.
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Newcomb
SIMON, an American astronomer; born in Wallace, N. S., March 12, 1835; was educated by his father; came to the United States in 1853; taught in Maryland for two years; studied at the Lawrence Scientific School in Cambridge, graduating in 1858. In 1861 he was appointed Professor of Mathematics in the United States navy and assigned to the United States Naval Observatory in Washington. While there he negotiated the contract for the 26-inch telescope authorized by Congress, and supervised its construction. He was connected with the "American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac"; associated with the equipment of the Lick observatory in California; was secretary of the commission appointed by the United States Government to observe the transit of Venus, Dec. 9, 1874; 9, 1874; and in 1884 became Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy at Johns Hopkins University. He contributed largely to astronomical literature, especially along mathematical lines. Among his numerous books are: "Popular Astronomy" (1878); "His Wisdom the Defender" (1900); etc. He died July 11, 1909.
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Newcomes
The: Memoirs of a Most Respectable Family, a novel by William Makepeace Thackeray. It was published in installments from October, 1853, to August, 1855, and was then put out immediately in book form. It ranks with Pendennis and Vanity Fair as among Thackeray's best works. The scene is laid in England in the first half of the nineteenth century. Many people are introduced who figure in the previous novels, especially in Pendennis and Vanity Fair; but the principal characters are new. Colonel Newcome is the most striking character in the story and is one of Thackeray's most memorable creations. It has been said that he is the most "perfect type of the simple English gentleman to be found in literature." This grizzled old soldier loses his fortune and is supported by the charity of the brotherhood of the Grey Friars. See Thackeray If Thackeray had written nothing else, his picturing of the exquisite simplicity and selfrespecting dignity with which Colonel Newcome accepts the only life that is open to him, would have been enough to prove his genius.--E. M. Tappan.
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Newgate
celebrated London a prison, formerly standing at the W. ex- Formerly stan tremity of Newgate street, opposite the Old Bailey. It was long the chief criminal prison of city and county until it was demolished in 1902. The earliest prison here was in the portal of the "new gate" of the city as early as 1218; hence the name. About two centuries afterward it was rebuilt by the executors of Sir Richard Whittington, whose statue with a cat stood in a niche, till its destruction by the great fire of London, in 1666. It was again reconstructed in 1780, but the new buildings were greatly damaged by fire in the Gordon Riots of that year. After the passing of the Prisons Bill in 1877, Newgate fell gradually into disuse.
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