Nish
the chief town and commercial center of southern Serbia; in a vinegrowing district; 130 miles S. E. of Belgrade; is the seat of a Greek bishop; and has a fairly strong citadel (1737). The place played a conspicuous part in when the Turkish it was occupied wars from by Serbia 1375 to. Here on the Sept. Turks 23., At 1689 the, the outbreak Austrians of the defeated World War the Serbian Government was porarily transferred to Nish. It Powers captured when by the they forces overran of Serbia the Central in winter of 1915. See WORLD WAR. about 25,000.
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Nishapur
a town of Persia; capiof tal the province e of the same name: 53 miles W. of Meshed, in a beautiful and fertile valley; was the birthplace and contains the grave of Omar Khayyám. Pop. about 15,000.
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Nisus
King of Megara and father of Scylla. Scylla, having fallen in love with Minos when he was besieging Megara, pulled out the purple hair which grew on the top of her father's head, and on which his life depended. Nisus thereupon died, and Minos, getting possession of the city, ordered Scylla to be drowned in the Saronic Gulf. Scylla, the daughter of Nisus, is sometimes confounded by the poets with Scylla, the daughter of Phorcus.
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Niter
or NITRE, an orthorhombic mineral occurring in crusts, silky fibers, acicular crystals, or diffused through certain soils. Composition: Nitric acid, 53.4; potash potash, 46.6 =100, corresponding to the formula, KNO.. In pharmacy it is exhibited in small doses as a refrigerant and diuretic, and in large doses as a vascular sedative in fever, especially in that of acute rheumatism. It has been found useful also in dropsy.
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Nitrate
a salt of nitric acid.
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Nitrate of Silver
lunar caustic; symbol, AgNO3; prepared by dissolving silver in nitric acid. It crystallizes in colorless trimetric crystals, which dissolve in one part of cold water, and melt at 198° C. It is extensively used in photography and medicine.
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Nitrate of Sodium
Chile saltpeter; symbol NaNO3. Occurs abundantly as a natural product in Chile. Its use is as a fertilizer.
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Nitride
a compound of nitrogen with phosphorus, boron, silicon, and the metals, e. g., boron nitride, BN.
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Nitrification
the changing nitrogenous organic matter or ammonia of compounds into nitrates under certain conditions. First, the temperature must be suitable, for at about 5° C. the process is stopped; but with a rise of temperature there is a proportionate increase of work-commencing at about 12° C. till 37° is reached, which is the "optimum" temperature, and from this onward there is a diminution of action until the "maximum" temperature of 55° C. is reached, when nitrification ceases. These bacteroids are annihilated at a temperature of 90° C., although the same result will follow drying even at a much lower temperature. The second condition is the presence of oxygen; and the third is the presence of a salifiable base, such as lime, potash, soda, etc., without which nitrification cannot proceed. Under these conditions nitrification goes on in every fertile soil, the atmospheric nitrogen, nitrogenous organic matter, or ammonia compounds being converted, in the presence of lime or potash, into the corresponding nitrates of lime or potash; and from these nitric compounds plants derive the most or all of their nitrogen.
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Nitro Compounds
compounds s in which one or more atoms of hydrogen are replaced by an equivalent quantity of nitryl (NO₂); thus, lactic acid C3H6O3, becomes nitro-lactic acid C3H6 (NO₂) Oz. The nitro compounds are nitro-marin, nitro-tartaric acid, nitrosaccharose, benzoic acid, nitro-carbolic acid, nitro-coumarin, etc.
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Nitro-Benzene
an oily body prepared by gradually adding benzene to cold fuming nitric acid. It is a yellowish liquid with a sweet taste, and an odor of oil of bitter almonds. Much used by perfumers under the name of oil of mirbane, and manufactured in large quantities for the preparation of aniline and its derivatives.
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Nitrocellulose
Important: Safety Warning This page contains instructions involving gunpowder or other explosive or pyrotechnic compositions. Preparing explosives as described has caused severe injuries and deaths, and is illegal in most places. In addition, this page describes trade processes that use dangerously toxic materials such as cyanide solutions, mercury amalgams, or strong acids. These processes require training, equipment, and precautions far beyond what the text describes. This information has been left in for historical purposes but should not be acted upon. the product of the reaction between cellulose and nitric to the product formed by the nitration of nitrocelluloses and is known as guncotton. When strong acids are used and the process of manufacture properly conducted, guncotton consists chiefly of tri-nitrocellulose, CoH7O2 (NO₂)s, but ditetra and penta-nitrocellulose are usually present. Nitrocellulose was first made in 1832 by Braconnot, by treating starch with nitric acid. Its explosive properties were discovered by Schönbein in 1845. It is insoluble in water, soluble in a mixture of alcohol and ether, and in ethyl acetate, nitrobenzene, benzol, acetone, amyl acetate and ketone oils. When cotton is treated with nitric and sulphuric acid in the presence of water, collodion Con cotton, C18H 2108 (OH) (NO₂) is produced. This material is used in the manufacture of collodion varnish, pyroxylin, artificial leather, celluloid, and many other products. The cotton used in making nitrocellulose must be free from oil and rosin, and after the acid treatment it must be washed until all traces of acid are removed.
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Nivelle
GENERAL GEORGES ROBERT, French army officer; born in 1857, educated at the Ecole Polytechnique and St Cyr. Early noted for his horsemanship, he entered the artillery and his first military service was in Algeria. During the Boxer Rebellion, Major Nivelle served with the Allied expeditionary force in the rescue of the Legations. At the outbreak of the World War Colonel Nivelle commanded the 5th Artillery of the 7th French Army Corps. He was with the French forces during the offensive in Alsace and was cited for bravery in capturing ng a German gun post. At the Battle of the Ourcq, in the first Battle of the Marne in September, 1914, as the Germans were crossing the river, Colonel Nivelle gathered together 18 guns and fired point-blank at the enemy, cutting them to pieces. Made a Brigadier-General, Nivelle fought at Soissons and broke the German line at Quennevières. Called to Verdun in March, and 1916, he held the Germans at bay, ay, recaptured Forts Vaux and Douaumont on Oct. 23, 1916. Was appointed Commander-in-Chief in 1917. He visited the United States in November, 1920.
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