Single-source entries: O (11)

Oldenburg

a republic since 1918, formerly a Grand Duchy of North Germany, between lat. 52° 30′ and 53° 43' having N., lon. 7° 35' and 8° 50' E., N. the North Sea, E. the territory of Bremen, S. and W. Hanover; area, 2,417 square miles. The surface is level, and 1 so low on the coast as to render necessary the formation of dykes, as in Holland, to prevent inundations of the sea. The soil is rich on the banks of the rivers, but in other parts sandy or marshy. The principal rivers are the Weser, Hunte, Haase, Leda, and Jahde. Of the lakes, Drummersee is the principal. The productions include flax, hemp, hops, rape seed, corn and potatoes. Horses and cattle of superior breed, and sheep, are extensively reared. Its commerce is principally carried on in small the vessels of to 40 tons, along coast with Denmark, Holland, Hanover, etc. The duchy of Oldenburg was formed in 1773 by Joseph II., of the counties of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. It joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 1808, incorporated with the French empire by Napoleon I. in 1810, and was restored to the duke in 1814. Augustus first assumed the title of grand duke in 1829. Kniphausen was added to the grand-duchy in 1854. Oldenburg entered into an alliance with Hanover against Prussia in 1865, and after the defeat of the Austrians, submitted to Prussia, with which it signed a treaty of alliance in 1866. Capital, Oldenburg. Pop. about 500,000.

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Olean

a city in Cattaraugus co., N. Y., on the Alleghany river and on the Pennsylvania, the Erie, and the Pittsburgh, Shawr Shawmut and Northern railroads; 70 miles E. of Buffalo. It contains a large supply of natural gas, both for fuel and lighting; the Forman Public Library, several educational institutions, electric street railroads, electric lights, National banks, and daily and weekly newspapers. It has extensive peies, roperies, silk factories, bleach works, troleum, lumber, and tanning interests. Pop. (1910) 14,743; (1920) 20,506.

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Oleine

See OILS. Olive Bronze Dip for Brass.--Nitric acid 3 ounces, muriatic acid 2 ounces; add titanium or palladium. When the metal is dissolved add two gallons of pure soft water to each pint of the solution. See STAINS FOR METALS.

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Olenek

a river of Northern Siberia which rises under the polar circle, and enters the Arctic Ocean to the W. of the Lena delta; length, about 1,200 miles.

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Oleograph

a name given to an ordinary chromo lithograph which has been "roughed" after printing, mounted on canvas, and varnished so as to imitate an oil painting.

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Olfactory Nerves

in anatomy, the fifth pair of cerebral nerves ramifying on the Schneiderian membrane, producing the sense of smell, and also sensibility to the nose.

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Olifant River

a forked stream of Cape Colony, South Africa; rises in the mountains N. E. of Cape Town, and, after a N. W. course of 150 miles, enters the Atlantic. Area of drainage , 13,000 basin square miles. Another stream bearing the same name rises in the Transvaal, and goes E. to join the Limpopo.

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Oligarchy

a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the hands of a small exclusive class; the members of such a class or body.

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Oligocene

in geology, a term employed by Beyrich to designate certain Tertiary beds of Germany (Mayence etc.).

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Oliphant

MARGARET (WIL- SON), a Scotch novelist; born in Walyford, Scotland, in April, 1828; lived in Liverpool, London, Rome, and for nearly 30 years in Windsor, England. She was a most prolific authoress, publishing over 110 books, besides numerous articles and essays. She excelled in delineating character, and had a keen sense of humor. Among her most important works are "Caleb Field" (1851); "Harry Muir" (1853); "The Quiet Heart" (1856); "Adam Graeme of Mossgray" (1857); "The Makers of Florence" (1874); "A Beleaguered City" (1880); "The Victorian Age of English Literature" (1892); "A Little Pilgrim in the Unseen" (1882); etc. She died in Wimbledon, England, June 25, 1897.

LAURENCE, an English writer; born in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1829. Of good family and position, he roamed over the earth, deeply interested in the mystic philosophy of the East. He published a dozen books, including three novels; several works of a politico-military nature, such as "A Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and Japan" (1860); and various journalistic and philosophic books, like "Episodes in a Life of Adventure" (1887) and "Scientific Religion" (1888). He died in Twickenham, England, Dec. 23, 1888.

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Oliva (Zo logy olive a genus)

in zoölogy, olive; a genus of Buccinidæ. Shell cylindrical, polished; spire very short, suture channeled; aperture long, narrow, notched in front; columella callous, striated obliquely; bodywhorl furrowed near base. No operculum in the typical species, O. porphyria. Large foot and mantle lobes; eyes near tips of tentacles. Known species 120, from subtropical coasts of America, West We Africa, India, ia, China, and the Pacific. In paleontology, 20 fossil species, commencing in the Eocene Tertiary.

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Olive

in botany, Olea europœa, the leaves are oblong or lanceolate, smooth

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Olive Oil

in chemistry, Florence oil, or salad oil, a non-drying oil, extracted from the fruit of the olive by pressure. It has a pale yellow color with a tinge of green, a mild and agreeable taste. It is frequently adulterated with almond, nut, colza, cotton seed, and other oils. In pharmacy, it is used as a laxative; as an emollient ingredient in enemas; to envelop the poisonous particles in the stomach in cases of of poisoning; to relieve pruritus in skin diseases; and to protect the surface from the air in scalds and burns. burgh Gazette" and "Pittsburgh Chronicle-Telegraph." He was elected to the United States Senate in 1909 to fill an unexpired term. In 1911 he was reelected for a term ending 1917. In 1904 and 1916 he was a delegate to the National Convention of the Republican party. He died in 1919.

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Oliver Twist

a novel by Charles Dickens, published in 1838. Oliver Twist, the hero, is a workhouse orphan. His life is hard and his prospects far from promising at the opening of the story; but in spite of his wretched environment he preserves his fine nature and at last finds friends who aid him to a successful career. The evils of the workhouse system as it existed at that time in England and the criminal side of London life are realistically portrayed. See Dickens

Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia