Olivet
a ridge running N. and S. on the E. side of Jerusalem , its summit about half a mile from the city wall, and separated from it by the valley of the Kidron. It is composed of a chalky limestone, the rocks everywhere showing themselves. The olive trees that formerly covered it, are now represented by a few trees. There are three prominent summits on the ridge; of these the southernmost, which is lower than the other two, is now known as the "Mount of Offense," originally the "Mount of Corruption," because Solomon defiled it by idolatrous worship. Over this ridge passes the road to Bethany, the most frequented road to Jericho and the Jordan. The central summit rises 200 feet above Jerusalem, and presents a fine view of the city, and indeed of the whole region. Perhaps no spot on earth unites so fine a view, with so many memorials of the most solemn and important events. Over this hill Christ often climbed in his journeys to and from the holy city . Gethsemane lay at its foot on the W., and Bethany on its E. slope .
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Ollendorf's System
a method of learning languages, invented by H. G. Ollendorf (1803-1865 ), and designed for those who teach themselves.
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Ollivant
ALFRED, an English novelist; born in 1874. The son of a colonel in the British army; he was, after graduating from Rugby , sent to the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, from which he graduated as senior gunner. For two years, until 1895, he held a commission in the Royal Artillery, then resigned, to take up a literary career . Among his works are "Owd Bob" (1898); "Danny" (1903); "The Gentleman" (1908); "The Brown Mare" (1916); ; and "Two Men" (1919).
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Ollivier
OLIVIER ÉMILE, a French statesman; born in Marseilles, France, July 2, 1825, and, having studied law at Paris, began to practice as an advocate in that city. By clever pleading he established a reputation at the bar, and after 1864 acquired influence as a member of the Legislative Assembly. In 1865 the V Viceroy of Egypt ap appointed him to a high high juridical office in that country. But he still took an active interest in French politics, and in January, 1870, Napoleon III. charged him to form a constitutional ministry. Ollivier was an unsuspecting tool in the hands of the Imperialists. "With a light heart" he rushed his country into the war with Germany, himself to be overthrown, after the first battle, on August 9. He withdrew to Italy. Ollivier wrote books on "Lamartine" (1874), and "Thiers" (1879), and "The Church and the State to the Council of the Vatican" (1879); "Principles and Conduct" (1875); "The Liberal Regime," "Michel Ango" (1892); "L'Empire Liberal," 6 vols. (1894-1908). He died in 1913.
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Olney
RICHARD, an American lawyer; born in Oxford, Mass., Sept. 15, 1835; was graduated at Brown University in 1856, and at Harvard Law School in 1858; practiced law in Boston; was United States attorney-general in 1893- 1895; and Secretary of State of the United States in 1895-1897; then resumed private practice. In 1900 he supported B Bryan, whom he had opposed, beof Republican attitude toward cause trusts and imperialism. In 1906 he led the policy holders in their attacks on the New York and Mutual Insurance Companies. In 1913 he declined the appointment of ambassador to Great Britain. He died in 1917.
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Olonetz
a government of Russia, bounded on the north by Archangel, on the E. by Vologda, on the S. by Novgorod, and on the W. by Finland. It has an area of about 50,000 square miles. It is traversed by many rivers and there are over 2,000 lakes within its boundaries. The chief industry is lumbering. The climate is ill adapted for agricul- time. The first Olympiad corresponds ture. Pop, about 480,000. The capital is Petrozadosk.
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Oltenitza
a town in Rumania, at the junction of the Arjish with the Danube, 37 miles S. E. of Bucharest. A battle was fought here Nov. 4, 1853, and also July 29, 1854, in both of which the Russians were defeated by the Turks.
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Olustee
or OLUSTEE STATION, a village of Baker co., Fla., about 20 miles E. of Lake City. Here in February, 1864, a Union force numbering about 5,000 men, under General Seymour encountered a body of about 3,000 Confederates, under General Finnegan, and after a severe conflict of several hours, the Nationals were defeated, with a loss of over 2,000 men, besides artillery and wagon trains. Confederate loss about 1,000 men. celebrated valley of
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Olympias
See page 191. Wife of Philip II ., king of Macedonia, and mother of Alexander the Great, was the daughter of Neoptolemus I., king of Epirus. She withdrew from Macedonia when Philip married Cleopatra , the niece of Attalus, B. c. 337; and it was generally believed that See page 191. Neptune. r! she lent her support to the assassination of Philip in 336. Olympius (The Olympian). A surname of Zeus ( Jupiter ), Hercules , the Muses (Olympiades), and in general of all the gods who were believed to live in Olympus, in contra-distinction from the gods of the lower world.
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Olynthus
A town of Chalcidice, at the head of the Toronaic Gulf, and the most important of the Greek cities on the coast of Macedonia. It was taken and destroyed by Philip, в. c. 347. The Olynthiac Orations of Demosthenes were delivered by the orator to urge the Athenians to send assistance to the city when it was attacked by Philip.
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Olyphant
a borough of Pennsylvania, in Lackawanna co. It is near the Lackawanna river, and on the Delaware and Hudson, the Wilkes-Barre and Eastern, and the New York, Ontario, and Western railroads. It is the center of an important anthracite region of the State. Its chief industries are the mining and shipping of coal. There are also manufactures of blasting powder, iron and steel goods, cigars, silks, etc. Pop. (1910) 8,305; (1920) 10,236.
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Om
A Sanskrit word of peculiar sanctity in the Hindu religion. It is pronounced at the beginning and end of every lesson in the Veda, and is also the introductory word of the Puranas. It is said in the Katha-Upanishad: Whoever knows this syllable obtains whatever he wishes." Various accounts are given of its origin; one that it is the term of assent used by the gods, and probably an old contracted form of the Sanskrit word evam meaning "thus." The laws of the Manu say that the word was formed by Brahma himself, who extracted the letters a u m from the Vedas, one from each; and they thus explain its mysterious power and sanctity. Om is also the name given by the Hindus to the spiritual sun, as opposed to "Sooruj " the natural sun.
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