Oliver Twist
a novel by Charles Dickens, published in 1838. Oliver Twist, the hero, is a workhouse orphan. His life is hard and his prospects far from promising at the opening of the story; but in spite of his wretched environment he preserves his fine nature and at last finds friends who aid him to a successful career. The evils of the workhouse system as it existed at that time in England and the criminal side of London life are realistically portrayed. See Dickens
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Olivet
a ridge running N. and S. on the E. side of Jerusalem , its summit about half a mile from the city wall, and separated from it by the valley of the Kidron. It is composed of a chalky limestone, the rocks everywhere showing themselves. The olive trees that formerly covered it, are now represented by a few trees. There are three prominent summits on the ridge; of these the southernmost, which is lower than the other two, is now known as the "Mount of Offense," originally the "Mount of Corruption," because Solomon defiled it by idolatrous worship. Over this ridge passes the road to Bethany, the most frequented road to Jericho and the Jordan. The central summit rises 200 feet above Jerusalem, and presents a fine view of the city, and indeed of the whole region. Perhaps no spot on earth unites so fine a view, with so many memorials of the most solemn and important events. Over this hill Christ often climbed in his journeys to and from the holy city . Gethsemane lay at its foot on the W., and Bethany on its E. slope .
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Ollendorf's System
a method of learning languages, invented by H. G. Ollendorf (1803-1865 ), and designed for those who teach themselves.
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Ollivant
ALFRED, an English novelist; born in 1874. The son of a colonel in the British army; he was, after graduating from Rugby , sent to the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, from which he graduated as senior gunner. For two years, until 1895, he held a commission in the Royal Artillery, then resigned, to take up a literary career . Among his works are "Owd Bob" (1898); "Danny" (1903); "The Gentleman" (1908); "The Brown Mare" (1916); ; and "Two Men" (1919).
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Ollivier
OLIVIER ÉMILE, a French statesman; born in Marseilles, France, July 2, 1825, and, having studied law at Paris, began to practice as an advocate in that city. By clever pleading he established a reputation at the bar, and after 1864 acquired influence as a member of the Legislative Assembly. In 1865 the V Viceroy of Egypt ap appointed him to a high high juridical office in that country. But he still took an active interest in French politics, and in January, 1870, Napoleon III. charged him to form a constitutional ministry. Ollivier was an unsuspecting tool in the hands of the Imperialists. "With a light heart" he rushed his country into the war with Germany, himself to be overthrown, after the first battle, on August 9. He withdrew to Italy. Ollivier wrote books on "Lamartine" (1874), and "Thiers" (1879), and "The Church and the State to the Council of the Vatican" (1879); "Principles and Conduct" (1875); "The Liberal Regime," "Michel Ango" (1892); "L'Empire Liberal," 6 vols. (1894-1908). He died in 1913.
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Olmsted
CHARLES SANFORD, an American Protestant Episcopal bishop; born at Olmstedville, N. Y., in 1853. He graduated from General Theological Seminary in 1876. He was ordained priest in 1877. He served as rector at various cities in New York and Pennsylvania until 1902, when he was consecrated bishop of Colorado. He wrote "December ember Musings" (poems), (1898); "Discipline of Perfection" (1902); "Essays on Mediæval Poets" (1904). Died in 1918.
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Olmsted (II)
CHARLES TYLER, an American Protestant Episcopal bishop; born in Cohoes, N. Y., 1842. He graduated from Trinity College in 1865, and, after studying divinity at St. Stephen's College, he became professor professor of mathematics in that institution in 1866. He was ordained priest in 1868, and served as rec tor and vicar of several important churches of New York City and Utica, and was consecrated bishop coadjutor of Central N. Y. in 1902, and was appointed bishop of Central N. Y. in 1904.
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Olmsted (III)
FREDERICK LAW, American landscape architect; born in Staten Island, N. Y., 1870; graduated from Harvard, studied landscape archi-mark, tecture under his father and began practice in 1895. He has designed many public parks and other city improvements; was a member of the Commission on Improvements of Washington, in 1902; was landscape architect of the Metropolitan Park system of Boston in 1898, and designed plans for Forest Hills, L. I., for the Sage Foundation Homes Co. He became professor of landscape architecture in Harvard in 1903, and member of the National Commission of Fine Arts in 1910.
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Olney
RICHARD, an American lawyer; born in Oxford, Mass., Sept. 15, 1835; was graduated at Brown University in 1856, and at Harvard Law School in 1858; practiced law in Boston; was United States attorney-general in 1893- 1895; and Secretary of State of the United States in 1895-1897; then resumed private practice. In 1900 he supported B Bryan, whom he had opposed, beof Republican attitude toward cause trusts and imperialism. In 1906 he led the policy holders in their attacks on the New York and Mutual Insurance Companies. In 1913 he declined the appointment of ambassador to Great Britain. He died in 1917.
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Olonetz
a government of Russia, bounded on the north by Archangel, on the E. by Vologda, on the S. by Novgorod, and on the W. by Finland. It has an area of about 50,000 square miles. It is traversed by many rivers and there are over 2,000 lakes within its boundaries. The chief industry is lumbering. The climate is ill adapted for agricul- time. The first Olympiad corresponds ture. Pop, about 480,000. The capital is Petrozadosk.
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Oltenitza
a town in Rumania, at the junction of the Arjish with the Danube, 37 miles S. E. of Bucharest. A battle was fought here Nov. 4, 1853, and also July 29, 1854, in both of which the Russians were defeated by the Turks.
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