Outrigger
in its proper sense, a beam or spar fastened horizontally to the crosstrees or otherwise, for the purpose of extending further from the mast or topmast the backstay or other rope by which that mast or topmast is supported. The power of the stay is thus increased. The term is also applied to a contrivance used in very narrow racing boats, by which the oar is given the requisite amount of play outboard.
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Outworks
all works of a fortress which are situated without the principal line of fortification.
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Oval
an egg-shaped curve or curve resembling the longitudinal section of an egg.
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Ovarian Cysts
in pathology, one of the three kinds of tumors occasionally arising in the ovary. It consists in the conversion of the gland, or parts of it, into cysts. Ovarian cysts tend to grow to a great size. They are often fatal within four years unless healed by a successful operation.
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Ovariotomy
the operation of removing the ovary, or a tumor in the ovary; a surgical operation first performed in 1809, and long considered exceedingly dangerous, but latterly performed with great and increasing success, especially since the adoption of the antiseptic treatment inaugurated by Lister.
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Ovary
in botany, a hollow case placed at the base of the pistil, and containing one or more cells inclosing ovules. Its normal state is to be superior to the calyx; but in some cases it is adherent to the tube of the calyx, when it is called inferior. It may also be parietal. In physiology, the organ in which the ova or germs of the future offspring are formed and temporarily contained.
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Oven
a close chamber in which substances are baked, heated, or dried; a chamber in a stove or range in which food is baked.
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Oven Birds
birds belonging to the family Certhidæ, or creepers, found in South America; typical genus, Furnarius. They are all of small size, and feed upon seeds, fruits, and insects. Their popular name is derived from the form of their nest, which is dome-shaped, and built of tough clay or mud with a winding entrance.
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Oven-Bird
a brownish, olive-green, woodland bird about six inches long. It belongs to the warbler family. It breeds in the eastern part of North America , and winters on the Gulf and southward. A bulky nest of coarse material is built on the ground with an entrance at one side. The female lays four or five white eggs spotted with cinnamon. The call or song of the oven bird is written by John Burroughs as "teacher, teacher, TEACHER, TEACHER, TEACHER."
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Ovens River
a river in the N. E. of Victoria, Australia; a tributary of the Murray. The district is an important gold mining and agricultural one.
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Overbanking
When the balance vibrates excessively and causes the ruby pin to push past the lever, it is known as overbanking.
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Overcoil
The last coil of a Breguet hairspring, where it is bent over the body of the spring towards the center, is called the overcoil.
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Overijssel
or OVERYSSEL, a province of the Netherlands; area, 1,283 square miles. It is watered by the Ijssel, which separates it from Gelderland, and by the Vecht and its affluents. Except a strip along the Ijssel, presenting good arable and meadow land, the surface is mostly a sandy flat relieved by hillocks, and the principal industry is stock raising and dairy farming. Chief towns, Zwolle, Deventer, Almelo, and Kampen. Pop. (1917) 431,757.
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Overlap
a term of geology. When the upper beds of a conformable series of strata extend beyond the bottom beds of the same series, ies, the former are said to overlap the latter.
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Overman
LEE SLATER. United States Senator from North Carolina. Born 1854, and graduated from Trinity College, ge, N. C., in 1874. For a few years, while studying law, he was private secretary to the governor of the state, and in 1878 was admitted to the bar. He was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives in 1883 and between that date and 1900 served four terms. In 1900 he was president of the Democratic State Convention and in 1903 United States Senator. Hewlectected in 1909 and 1915.
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Overture
in introductory symphony for instruments, chiefly used as an introduction to important musical compositions, as operas, oratorios, etc. Its principal themes are often taken from the work it precedes. In Presbyterianism, a petition or proposal from a Presbytery, or an individual, to the highest court, which is the General Assembly or the Synod, that a new law be created, an old one amended or repealed, ed, or a measure carried into effect. The term was borrowed from the Huguenots.
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Oviparous
in zoölogy, a term, applied to birds, reptiles, fishes, and insects, whose mode of reproduction is by the exclusion of the germ in the form and condition of an egg, the development of which takes place out of the body, either with or without incubation.
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Ovule
in botany, a rudimentary seed which requires to be fertilized by pollen before it develops.
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Ovum
in physiology, the germ produced within the ovary, and capable of developing into a new individual. In archæology, ornaments in the form of eggs, curved on the contour of the ovolo, or quarter-round, and separated from each other by anchors or arrow heads.
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Owen Sound
a town in Ontario, Canada, 34 miles W. by N. of Collingwood, at the head of a long bay of the same name off Georgian Bay. It has a dry dock, 300 feet long, 55 feet wide, and 12 feet deep on sill at high water.
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Owen Stanley Range
a portion of a range of lofty mountains in the E. part of British Guinea. Mount Owen Stanley is a peak 13,130 feet high.
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Owen's Lake
a lake in Inyo co., Cal., crossed in extreme W. by 118° W., 160 miles N. by E. of Los Angeles; its water is strongly impregnated with salt and carbonate of soda; it has no visible outlet; receives Owen's river; length about 16 miles, breadth, 10 miles.
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Owen's River
a river of California, which flows into Owen's lake. It is 175 miles long.
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Owen, Robert Dale
Robert Dale (1800-1877), a Scottish-American reformer. He was the son of Robert Owen, and was born at Glasgow. In 1825 he came to America to superintend affairs at New Harmony . Later, he attempted to establish a community near Memphis for free negroes. For a time he was the editor and publisher of a socialist paper in New York , called the Free Enquirer. In 1835 he was elected to the legislature of Indiana, and eight years later he was sent to Congress as a Democrat. He took a prominent part in the founding of the Smithsonian Institution and in the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute. He was minister to Naples in 1855. He became a prominent Abolitionist. His later days were spent in advocacy of Spiritualism, the subject of several works, including Footprints on the Boundary of Another World, etc. An Autobiography gives an interesting account of his early life. See Communism
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