Pragmatic Sanction
a rescript or answer of the sovereign delivered by advice of his council to some college, order, or body of people, on any case of their community. By the French the term was appropriated to certain statutes limiting the jurisdiction of the Pope, as in A. D. 1268 and 1438. Pope Leo X., in 1545, persuaded Francis I. to exchange them for a concordat. Generally it is applied to an ordinance fixing the succession to a throne in a certain line. Thus, by the Pragmatic Sanction of Germany in 1439, the succession of the empire was made hereditary in the house of Austria, and in 1724 the Emperor Charles VI., being without male issue, published another, settling the succession upon his daughter, Maria Teresa and her issue.
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Pragmatism
a term used to designate those who follow the system of thought marked out by Professor William James of Harvard University. The central thesis of the philosophy is that objective truth can not be discovered by the intellect, but instead of worrying about discovering and disputing about matters that are no longer vital, the more useful task is to see what attitude will be most serviceable in solving the problems of today. A man reveals his philosophy by the way in which he works out the practical questions which every day confront him. The criterion then of the rightness of wrongness of a given theory of philosophy is the question how does it work. Is it a useful solution of the difficulties we face? Does it bring pleasure or pain? It is the answers to determine the these questions that will truth or falsity of the idea, not whether truth. it can, in strict logic, be proved the are credited Hence James and his school with having served philosophy by saving atitudes and once it from dry-as-dust platitudes active more bringing it to bear upon our life and thought. Since James' death the logic of pragmatism has been developed by Professor John Dewey, formerly of the University of Chicago, now . It has its of Columbia University champions abroad as well as in America, in and has created a popular interest philosophy.
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Prague
UNIVERSITY OF. There , a Gerare two universities in Prague man and a Czech university. The forthe mer is the older of the two, it being universities oldest of the German . Founded in 1348, with the four faculties , of theology, law, medicine, and arts it , gained the attention of all Europe when in 1403, John Huss became the rector. wars During the period of the Hussite Czech the university took on a distinctly withcharacter, the German students University of drawing and founding the Leipzig. When, however, the Catholics hand in and Germans secured the upper Years' Bohemia, as they did in the Thirty came under the War, the university War, control of the Jesuits and a decided replace action against the Czechs took . of nation- With the growth of the spirit ality in the nineteenth century the Czech felt, and fininfluence again made itself a separate ally led to the founding of University of Prague in 1882 with facul- . As might ties of law, medicine and arts rapidly ra be expected the new university as the population is outgrew the old one, the predominately Czech. In 1919 at the students opening of the World War 7,051 in the Czech university numbered 3,043. while the German institution had
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Prairie
the name given by the early French settlers in America to extensive tracts of land, either level or rolling, destitute of trees, and covered with coarse tall grass, interspersed with numerous varieties of flowering plants.
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Prairie Chicken
the popular name of the pinnated grouse United States (Tetrao cupido).
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Prairie Hay
This hay is now obtained in large quantities and spun into ropes suitable for wrapping on core-barrels. Spools of this ready-made rope containing from 300 to 350 feet may be purchased from any of the dealers in foundry supplies at a very low price. See HAY-ROPE; CORE-BARREL.
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Prairie Hen
. See Grouse
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Prairie Wolf
or COYOTE (Canis latrans), the small wolf which is found on the prairies in North America, believed by many to be a mere variety of the European wolf. It is a cowardly animal, and only dangerous to man when in packs and pressed by hunger.
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Prase
in mineralogy: (1) A dull leek-green reen chalcedony, owing its color to exceedingly granular the presence of exceedingly fine granular chlorite. (2) A green crystallized quartz found at Breitenbrunn, Saxony; the color is due to inclosed fine filaments of green asbestiform actinolite.
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Prato
often called PRATO IN TOS- CANA, a walled town of Italy, 10/½ miles S. E. of Pistoia and 11 N. W. of Florence; has a citadel and a cathedral with frescoes by Filippo Lippi, though the see has been united with that of Pistoia since 1653. There are manufactures of straw plait, cloth, and paper works. Pop. about 20,000.
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Pratt (BELA LYON an American artist)
BELA LYON, an American artist and sculptor. Born at Norwich Conn., in 1867 and died in 1917. He studied at the Yale School of Art and later under St. Gaudens. Among his most successful monuments are "Soldiers and Sailors Monument" (Malden, Mass.), "Spanish War Soldier" (St. Paul's School, Concord, N. H.) and the "Army Nurses Memorial" (State House, Boston). He also modelled the figures "Science" and "Art" in the Boston Public Library and the figure "Pl "Philosophy" in the Congressional Library.
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Pratt (CHARLES an American)
CHARLES, an American philanthropist; born in Watertown, Mass., Oct. 2, 1830; removed to New York in 1850, engaged in the oil business, his firm being eventually merged in the Standard Oil Company. He amassed a great fortune, took an intense interest in educational matters, and founded in Brooklyn the Pratt Industrial Institute. He died in New York City, May 4, 1891.
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Pratt (ORSON a Mormon educator born)
ORSON, a Mormon educator; born in Hartford, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1811; became one of the 12 apostles of the Mormon Church (1835), and was in charge of European missions from 1840, many successive years. He was Professor of Mathematics in Deseret University; also church historian and recorder. His writings include: "Divine Authenticity of the Book of Mormon" (1851); "Patriarchal Order, or Plurality Cubic and Biquadof Wives" (1853); " ratic Equations" (1866). He died in Salt Lake City, Oct. 3, 1881.
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