Pressburg
a town in , on the Hungary; 35 miles E. of Vienna left bank of the Danube, and on spurs of the Little Carpathians. The most striking edifice is the ruined royal palburned ace, on the top of an eminence, in 1811. The cathedral is a large Gothic structure, dating from the 11th century. The trade chiefly in corn and timber, is extensive. Pressburg is a place of very great antiquity. In 1541, when the Turks captured Buda, it became the retained the capital of Hungary, and honor till the Emperor Joseph II. restored it to Buda. The treaty by which Austria ceded Venice to France and the Tyrol to Bavaria was signed here in 1805. Pop. about 80,000.
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Pressed Fuel
Many loose substances which otherwise would be wasted are mixed with cements composed of either coal-tar, cow-dung, pitch, clay, or other combinations, to bind them together, after which they are subjected to pressure, and solid fuel is produced from the mass in the form of bricks or balls. Pulverized coal is treated in this way.
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Pressing Fluid Steel
The invention of Sir Joseph Whitworth for the production of sound steel ingots consists in applying pressure, by powerful hydraulic machinery, while the metal is solidifying in the ingot. As from 6 to 20 tons per square inch is the amount of pressure required to produce a sound ingot in this manner, the moulds employed are of special construction. The main cylinder is strengthened by steel bands on the outside, and the inside or iron lining is composed of cast-iron lagging, which receives a coat of very refractory loam. This system of lagging permits the gases to escape freely, as they are forced out by the enormous pressure exerted. See INGOT.
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Pressure of Molten Metal
The conditions of liquid pressure exist in moulds exactly the same as in any other vessel in which liquids may be placed. Solids transmit pressure only in the line in which it is exerted; liquids transmit it in every direction--as may be noticed when in casting the poured metal escapes at every riser, at equal velocities. Molten metal influenced by gravity alone presses in all directions, as will be seen by the following: Let a covered mould be filled with molten metal, and maintain a pressure by a raised runner-basin; if this mould be tapped at the bottom the metal will rush out,--this proves a downward pressure; if it be tapped on the side, the metal rushes out, showing a lateral pressure; and if it be tapped on the top, the metal will escape also, showing an upward pressure. The pressure of molten metal in every direction is proportioned to the depth; hence the necessity of increasing the strength of moulds towards their bases, and additional precautions being taken to hold down the cope when large areas are subjected to a considerable head-pressure. See WEIGHTING COPES; HYDRAULICS; HYDROSTATIC BELLOWS.
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Pressure-blower
A blowing-engine that gives a positive blast, and measures and forces forward at each revolution a fixed quantity of air, whether the pressure be high or low, or the speed fast or slow. See BLOWER.
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Pressure-gauge
A pressure-gauge for showing the amount of pressure in the wind-box and pipes of the cupola consists of a glass siphon tube, with equal legs, half filled with mercury; one end is cemented into a pipe which enters the wind-box, the other is open to the atmosphere. If a stop-cock is provided, it may be shut off at pleasure. The wind acting on the mercury in one leg of the gauge presses it down, and it rises correspondingly in the other leg. The difference between the two columns is the height of mercury which corresponds to the excess of the pressure in the wind-box above the pressure of the atmosphere. If eight ounces per inch be allowed for the length of this column, the effective pressure of the blast in ounces per square inch is obtained. Therefore all that is necessary for graduating the tube is to mark it off in one-eighth-inch divisions, and each division would represent one ounce of pressure. See BLAST-GAUGE.
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Pressure-moulding
The several moulding-machines which operate by forcing the sand into the flask betwixt the table and platen may be taken as examples of pressure-moulding, effecting by machine pressure what has hitherto been accomplished by hand-ramming. See MOULDING-MACHINES.
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Presto
quick, used in music to designate a faster rate of movement than is indicated by allegro. Presto assai denotes very quick, and and prestissimo the highest degree of quick ness.
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Preston
a municipal and parliamentary borough of England, in Lancashire, 27 miles N. E. of Liverpool. The environs of the town exhibit much pleasing scenery, and there are some fine public parks. Among the churches, Christ Church is admired for the purity of its Norman architecture. The Catholic church, St. Walburge's, is considered the finest in the town. The original staple manufacture of the town, linen, has been completely eclipsed by the cotton manufacture, of which Preston is now one of the chief centers. Preston also has machine shops, iron and brass foundries, railway carriage works, breweries, malt houses, roperies, tanneries, etc. In 1323 Preston Preston , originally Priest's Town, was taken and burned by Robert Bruce; in the great civil war it espoused the Royalist cause, and was twice captured by the Parliamentarians; in the rebellion of 1715 it was occupied by the Jacobite forces; in that of 1745 the Highlanders, headed by the Pretender, passed through Preston both on their march to London and on their retreat. Preston was the birthplace of Arkwright. It returns two members to Parliament. Pop. (1917) 106,747.
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Presumption
in law, in the absence of direct evidence that which comes fact. Prenearest to the proof of a sumptions are of three degrees: Violent, in which those circumstances appear which necessarily attend the fact; probable, arising from such circumstances as usually attend the fact; and light (without validity).
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Pretender
one who made claim to a throne under a pretense of right (as Perkin Warbeck, Lambert Simnel, in English history); specially applied to the son and grandson of James II., the heirs of the House of Stuart, who laid claim to the throne of England.
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