Parkhurst
CHARLES HENRY, an American clergyman and reformer; born in Framingham, Mass., April 17, 1842. He was graduated at Amherst College in 1866; studied theology in Germany. After 1880 he was pastor of the Madison Square Presbyterian Church, retiring in 1917. In 1891, as president of the Society for the Prevention of Crime, he began his attack on the police department of New York City, and was prominent in the Lexow investigation which followed. His writings include: "The Blind Man's Creed" (1883): "Three Gates on a Side" (1887); "Our Fight with Tammany" (1895); "The Sunny Side of Christianity" (1901); "A Little Lower Than the Angels" (1909).
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Parkman
FRANCIS, an American historian; born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 16, 1823; was graduated at Harvard in 1844; studied law for two years; then traveled in Europe; and returned to explore the Rocky Mountains. The hardships he endured among the Dakota Indians seriously injured his health, yet in spite of this and defective sight Parkman worked his way to recognition as a historical writer on the period of rise and fall of the French dominion in America. He paid many visits to France to examine archives. His books are "The California and Oregon Trail" (1849); "The Conspiracy of Pontiac" (1851); "Pioneers of France in the New World" (1865); "The Book of Roses" (1866); "Jesuits in North America" (1867); "Discovery of the Great West" (1869); "The Old Régime in Canada" (1874); "Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV." (1877); and "Montcalm and Wolfe" (1884). He died in Boston, Mass., Nov. 8, 1893.
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Parks
NATIONAL. See NATIONAL PARKS.
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Parks
LEIGHTON, clergyman. He was born in New York in 1852 and studied at the General Theological Seminary, from which he graduated in 1876. After becoming ordained he became rector of Emmanuel Church, Boston, holding that charge till 1904, when he became rector of St. Bartholomew's Church, New York. From the first he established his reputation as a preacher and in addition showed considerable literary talent. His books include: "His Star in the East"; "The Winning of the Soul and Other Sermons"; "Moral Leadership and Other شود Sermons."
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Parlow
KATHLEEN, an American violinist; born at Calgary, Canada, in 1890. She went with her parents to California at the age of five years. She first appeared on the stage in San Francisco at the age of six. In 1905 she went to London and played with the London Symphony Orchestra. She made tours in various countries of Europe and in the United States. For several seasons she played as soloist for the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
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Parma (Fortified city capital)
a fortified city, capital of the above province, 72 miles S. E. of Milan. It has a fine Gothic cathedral, and the ducal palace, which contains a library of 90,000 volumes, and a museum of antiquities. Parma has also a public library of 34,000 volumes. Manufactures, silk, cotton, and woolen goods, lace, cutlery, glass, and musical instruments. Pop. about 50,000.
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Parma (Province and former duchy)
a province and former duchy of northern Italy; having N. Lombardy, E. Modena, S. and W. Tuscany; area, 3,766 square miles. The surface is diversified, and the soil fertile in the plains. The climate is healthy except in the low-lying districts along the rivers Po, Trebbia, bia, and Enza. Products, maize, wheat, tobacco, hemp and fruits. Numerous cattle are also reared; and it is noted for its cheese from the milk of goats. Minerals, iron, copper, salt, etc. Manufactures, silk, linen, and cotton goods, paper, glass, gunpowder, brass, etc. Capital, Parma; pop. about 160,000. During the decline of the Roman empire, Parma became a part of the kingdom of Lombardy. It was taken by Charlemagne, and transferred to the papal see in 774. In 1543 Paul III. erected Parma and Piacenza into a duchy, which he bestowed upon the Farnese family, whose line became extinct in 1731. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in 1748, gave possession of Parma to Philip, son of Philip V. and Elizabeth Farnese. In 1815 Parma, Piacenza, and Guastala were formed into a duchy, and bestowed upon Maria Louisa, wife of Napoleon I., with reversion after death to Ferdinand Charles, Duke of Lucca, the son of Maria Louisa of Spain, and the rightful heir. A revolution occurred in 1859, on which Marie Therese de Bourbon, widow of Charles III., and regent for her infant son, left the country, and Parma was annexed to the kingdom of Italy in 1860. Pop. about 350,000.
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Parnahyba
a river of Brazil, rises in the Serra Mangabeiras, about lat. 9° S., and throughout its course (650 miles) forms the boundary between the states of Maranhão and Piauhy. It enters the Atlantic by six mouths. The stream is swift, but navigable by boats for nearly 350 miles. On the E. bank, 14 miles from its mouth, is the unhealthy town of Parnahyba, with a considerable trade.
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Parole
a word of promise; a word of honor; faith plighted; specifically a promise given by a prisoner on his honor that he will not attempt to escape if allowed his liberty, or that he will return to custody on a certain day if released, or that he will not bear arms against his captors for a certain time, etc. Also a password; a word given out each day in orders by the commanding officer in 9 camp or garrison, by which friends and foes may be distinguished. It differs from a countersign in being given only to officers, or those who inspect and give orders to the guard, while a countersign is given to all guards.
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Paros
one of the larger islands of the Cyclades division of the Greek Archipelago; a low pyramid in shape, it has an area of 64 square miles; pop. (1918) about 10,000, of whom some 3,000 live in the capital, Parœkia. Wine, figs, and wool are exported. The quarries of the famous white Parian marble are near the summit of Mount St. Elias (ancient Marpessa), and are not yet exhausted. Archilochus and Polygnotus, the painter, were born on Paros.
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Parr
THOMAS, better known as OLD PARR, born, it is said, in 1483 in Winnington, Shropshire, England. He was buried in Westminster Abbey where a monument records his longevity. His age however, has been disputed. He died in 1635.
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