Paulist Fathers
modern a American society in the Roman Catholic Church, founded in New York by the late Rev. Isaac T. Hecker, in 1858. It is composed of priests who are engaged in missionary and literary work. In their work they adopt methods suitable to the customs of the United States, but foreign to those of the Catholic Church in general. By this they have brought upon themselves severe criticism from conservative members of the church in Europe, and are accused of a desire to build up an American church. Their distinctive work is the endeavor to reach non-Catholics, and so they hold their meetings in the open air, or in school houses and town halls in preference to a church; they also use congregational singing, and hymns of the Protestant church. They have a printing plant of their own and conduct a monthly magazine called the "Catholic World."
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Paulus Aemilius
A Roman celebrated for his military achievements, surnamed Macedonicus, from his conquest of Macedonia. In early life he distinguished himself by his application and for his love for military discipline. In his first consulship he reduced the Ligurians to subjection, and subsequently obtained a great victory over the Macedonians, making himself master of the country. In the office of censor, which he filled, he behaved with great moderation, and at his death, about 168 years before the Christian era, the Romans mourned deeply for him.
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Paulus Hook
FORT, a Revolutionary fortress erected by the British on the site of Jersey City, N. J.
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Paur
EMIL, an Austrian conductor and pianist. Born in Austria-Hungary 1855 he became a student in the Vienna Conservatory and in 1876 became kapellmeister at Cassel. In 1891 the Leipzig Stadt Theater elected him director and in 1893 he made his first trip to America to succeed Arthur Nikisch as conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. From 1899-1900 he conducted at the Metropolitan Opera House. In 1903 he returned to Europe, this time to Madrid Europe, to the Royal Opera. The next year the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra made him their conductor, where he remained until his return to Berlin in 1912 to become the conductor of the Royal Opera,
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Pavement
the hard covering of the surface of a board or footway; a floor or covering of stones, brick, wood, etc., laid evenly on the earth, so as to form a level, hard, and convenient passage. Among the pavements now in use the most common are macadam, granite cubes, asphalt, and wood, etc. Also a decorative or ornamental flooring of colored or plain tiles, stones, or brick.
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Pavia
a city of northern Italy, capital of a province of same name, on the Ticino, 19 miles S. of Milan. In the cathedral, commenced in 1448, but never finished, are the ashes of St. Augustine, in a sarcophagus ornamented with 50 bassi-rilievi, 95 statues, and numerous grotesques. The Certosa of Pavia, the most splendid monastery in the world, lies 4 miles N. of the city. It was founded in 1396, contains many beautiful paintings, and abounds in the richest ornamentation. The University of Pavia is said to have been founded by Charlemagne in 774. It consists of numerous colleges, a library of 120,000 volumes, a numismatic collection, anatomical, natural history, and other museums, a botanic garden, a school of fine arts, etc. The university is attended by about 1,600 students. Manufactures silk. Here, Feb. 24, 1525, took place the battle of Pavia (sometimes called the second battle of Marignano), in which the Imperialists, under Lanney, defeated the French, and took François I. prisoner. Pop. about 45,000.
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Pawtucket
a city in Providence co., R. I., on the Pawtucket river, at the head of navigation, and on the New York and New England, and the New York, New Haven and Hartford railroads; 4 miles N. of Providence. The river here falls 50 feet, and this fact, with its proximity to the sea, led Samuel Slater in 1790 to select it as the site for the first cotton factory built in the United States. Here are water-works, public library, public and parochial schools, street railroad and electric light plants, National and savings banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. It has about 500 manufacturing establishments, among which the most important are cotton, woolen, and hair cloth mills, machine shops, and foundries, print works, and extensive thread mills. Pop. (1910) 51,622; (1920) 64,- 248.
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Paxo
one of the Ionian Islands, lies S. E. of Corfu, has, with the smaller island of Antipaxo (1 square mile), an area of 8½ square miles. Pop. (1920) about 5,000. Produces wine, olives and olive oil, almonds, oranges, lemons, etc. Capital, Gaïon, the seat of a bishop.
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Paymaster
an officer in the army and navy, from whom the officers and men receive their wages. In matters of general discipline the paymaster is subordinate to the commanding officer of his regiment; but in regard to the immediate duties of his office he is directly responsible to the war office.
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Payn
JAMES, an English novelist; born in Cheltenham, England, in 1830; was graduated at Cambridge in 1854. From 1858 he edited "Chambers' Journal," for which he wrote exclusively for many years. In 1882 he became editor of the "Cornhill Magazine." His works reach upward of 100 books, the best known being: "Lost Sir Massingberd"; "By Proxy"; "The Luck of the Darrells"; "The Talk of the Town"; "Some Literary Recollections" (1886); and ical), (1894). "The Disappearance of George Driffield" (1896); "Another's Burdens" (1897). He died in London, March 25, 1898.
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Pea Ridge
a post village in Benton co., Ark.; about 8 miles E. of Bentonville. Here, on March 6, 7, and 8, 1862, occurred one of the most desperate battles of the Civil War. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis, in command of about 11,000 Union troops, with 49 pieces of artillery, was attacked by a superior force of Confederates (said to number 20,000) under obstinate and sanguinary conflicts ensued; which, lasting through three days, finally ended with the withdrawal of Van Dorn. The total Union loss was 1,351; that of the Confederates, though never officially reported, is supposed to have been more severe.
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