Each of these 10 subjects appears in only one of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. None is long enough to carry a page by itself, so they are gathered here by letter. Anything that grows moves out to a page of its own.
the disposition of cerin decaying wood. Several species are tain things or phenomena to recur at known, from the West Indies, the Cape of stated periods. It denotes the regular Good Hope, South America, and New or nearly regular recurrence of certain Zealand. phenomena of animal life, such as sleep PERIPHERY. See CIRCUMFERENCE.
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a Gobiidæ, from the coasts of the Indoits most elementary form it is a tube in Pacific, remarkable for their prominent each end of which are reflecting surfaces retractile eyes, which enable them to see set parallel to each other at an angle of in the air as well as in the water, and for 45° with the axis of the tube. This form their strong ventral and pectoral fins, by of periscope, with the addition of a simple the aid of which they can hop freely over lens, was much used for observation purthe ground, when they leave the water, poses in the trenches during the World as is their habit at ebb tide, to hunt War. small crustaceans. The species are few HOOD in number; but P. koelreuteri is one of (A)OBJECTIVE the commonest fishes of the Indian (PL) PRISM
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a dense lining mem- (9) LENS brane covering the whole surface of bone, except the articulations, which have (U)LENS thin cartilaginous layer. As long single portion tion of periosteum INNER TUBE remains alive alive bone is capable of being (U2) LENS OUTER TUBE
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inflammation of the periosteum, a painful ailment frequently (B)210 1 GEARING brought on by sudden exposure to cold
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the name given to (02) LENS the followers of the Aristotelian philosophy. Aristotle partly adopted the re- (PA) LENS AND sults of Plato, and made them available ERECTING PRISM for the world. Both teachers admitted that science could only be formed from Universals, but Aristotle took the view WHEEL FOR afterward called Nominalist, and con- ROTATING tended that such Universals were noth TUBE ing more than inductions from particular EYE (02) PIECE facts. He thus made experience the basis of all science. In the Middle Ages, DIAGRAM OF PERISCOPE Albertus Magnus (1193-1280) did much to spread the Peripatetic philosophy, as The principle of the periscope of a well as the ethical and physical writings submarine is essentially the same-reof Aristotle, and his pupil, St. Thomas flecting prisms and several lenses are Aquinas (1227-1274), the greatest of the used, and a collecting eye piece is placed Scholastics, was much influenced by at the lower end. This type of periscope them. The study of the works of Arisis protected by a casing tube and head. totle was greatly revived in the 19th cen- A system of gears is used to turn the tury, and those of St. Thomas Aquinas inner tube, in order that it may be were specially recommended to clerical trained upon a desired point. students by Pope Leo XIII. Although the periscope in some form has been known for centuries, its development into an efficient instrument has been comparatively recent.
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the sole genus of the Journal." The most popular American reviews and magazines of our times are group Peripatidea or the order Onyco phora. They are vermiform animals, in- "Harper's Monthly Magazine," the "Atlantic Monthly," "Scribner's Magazine," distinctly segmented, with soft integu- Magazine, " " The Cosmopoli- ments. On each side of the body there Metropolitan, " " Munsey's are a number of short legs, terminated " McClure's Magazine, " by a rudimentary jointed part, and a "American Magazine," "Everybody's," pair of hooked claws. The head bears a "American Review of Reviews," "The pair of simple annulated antennæ, and a pair of simple eyes. They are viviparous, nocturnal in habit, and are found
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an instrument for obgenus of servation from a concealed position. In
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an open court within colonnade around it, by a house, having a ing a which the principal apartments were reached; the exact reverse of the peripteros, though the same in character, the one being inside, the other outside a building.
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inflammation of the peritoneum; it is exceedingly painful and dangerous, from its extent and connection with important organs. Peritonitis may exist either as an acute or chronie disease. In the former there is usually great pain and tenderness of the abdomen, accompanied with fever, and a frequent, small, and hard pulse. Sometimes, at first, the pain is confined to one generally soon extends over spot, but it gene the whole of the abdomen. It is very severe, and much increased by any motion, even coughing, sneezing, or drawing a long breath. Its causes are various, as by cold, mechanical injuries of the peritoneum, the development of tumors, etc. Women in childbed are peculiarly liable to it. After the disease has continued for a certain time, it is attended with tension and swelling of the belly; and if not checked, it usually terminates in from 5 to 10 days.
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a genus of marine Gasteropods, represented by several species on British coasts. The MC 00 A RO -C 0 R S F HSM LG SG L PERIWINKLE Anatomy of body removed from the shell; R, rostrum, SG, salivary gland; LG, lingual coil S, stomach; L, liver; RO, renal organ; A, anus; H, heart; SM, shell muscle; MC, mucous gland; C, gill; O, ovary; 00, ovarian orifice; F, foot. commonest, L. littorea, is abundant between tide marks on the rocks, and is often collected and used for food. It is boiled in its shell, extracted as eaten, and is very palatable. Periwinkles crawl about when under water, but usually remain passive when left uncovered by the tide. Without water they can survive for many hours, and they are also able to endure a considerable freshening of the salt water. They feed on sea weeds, and are often useful in keeping beds of young oysters from being smothered. Periwinkles drawn up from 70 to 80 fathoms were first in 1889 used as bait for cod fishing on the banks of Newfoundland. The edible species species is ov oviparous, but in L. rudis, which is usually ark common nearer high water mark, the young are hatched and have a hard shell before they leave the mother. Species of Littorina occur on almost all coasts, and there are about 50 in all.
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