Pezet
FEDERICO ALFONSO, a Peruvian diplomat. He was born in London, England, in 1859, and there partly educated, later going to Peru, and serving in the war with Chile. In 1886 he became consul at Panama, and later in England and New York. He was Minister Plenipotentiary to Panama in 1909, and from that year to 1912 special envoy to Central America and Panama. In 1912 he became minister to the United States. His books include: "Peru: Its Commerce and Resources"; "The Question of the Pacific"; "What the Panama Canal Means to Peru." PFÄFERS, hot springs in the canton of St. Gall, Switzerland, in the deep and gloomy gorge of the Tamina torrent, which joins the Rhine at Ragatz, 24/2 miles to the N. They were discovered toward the middle of the 11th century, and have been used ever since. The water is conducted in pipes to Ragatz, though there are bath houses (1704) in the ravine. Near the village of Pfäfers, which stands above and outside the ravine, is a Benedictine abbey, founded in the 8th century, but converted into a lunatic asylum after its dissolution in 1838.
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Pfennig
or PFENNING, a small copper coin of various values, current in Germany and the neighboring states. The pfennig of the German empire is the hundredth part of the mark..
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Pfleiderer
OTto, a theologian; born in Stetten, Württemberg, Sept. 1, 1839; studied under Baur, at Tübingen, from 1857 till 1861; became pastor at Heilbronn in 1868, and superintendent at Jena in 1870, exchanged for the chair of Theology there. ry there. In 1875 he was called to be Professor of Systematic Theology at Berlin. In New Testament criticism Pfleiderer belonged to the younger critical school. He made his name as well known in England and America as in Germany by a series of works which no serious student of philosophy or theology can afford to overlook. Of these the chief are "Religion, its Essence and History" (1869); "Paulinism" (1873 English translation 1877); "Philosophy of Religion" (1878); "Outlines of Christian Faith and Ethics" (1880); "The Development of Theology since Kant" (1880); "The Philosophy and Development of Religion" (1904). He died July 18, 1908. His brother, EDMUND PFLEIDERER, born in Stetten Oct. 12, 1842, studied at Tübingen; was made Professor of Philosophy at Kiel in 1873, whence he was called to Tübingen in 1878. His writings include "Studies on Leibnitz" (1870); "On Empiricism and Scepticism in Hume's Philosophy" (1874); "Modern Pessimism" (1875); "Kantian Criticism and English Philosophy" (1881); "Lotze" (2d ed. 1884); "Heraclitus of Ephesus" (1886), etc. He died April 2, 1902.
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Pforzheim
a manufacturing town of Baden; at the N. border of the Black Forest, 20 miles S. E. of Carlsruhe. In contains the remains of an ancient castle, from 1300 to 1565 the residence of the Margraves of Baden-Durlach, and was the birthplace of Reuchlin. The town is famous for the manufacture of gold and silver ornaments, has chemical and iron works, machine-shops, tanneries, paper and other factories. There is a trade in timber, cattle, ornaments, etc. The town was burned by the French in 1689. Pop. about 50,000. PHÆDO, a Greek philosopher of Elis, who flourished about 400 b. c., was originally but obtained his freedom by the interest of Socrates, whose disciple he became, and remained with him till his death. 'After this he settled at his native place, where he founded a school of philosophy.
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Phaedra
A daughter of Minos and Pasiphae, who married Theseus . She became the mother of Acamas and Demophoon. She brought an unjust accusation against Hippolytus (a son of Theseus before she married him), who was killed by the horses in his chariot taking fright, causing him to be thrown under the wheels and crushed to death. On hearing this Phaedra acknowledged the falseness of the charge she had brought against Hippolytus, and hanged herself in despair.
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Phaeton
in Greek mythology, according to Ovid, a son of the sun, or Phœbus. Venus became enamored of him, and intrusted him with the care of one of her temples. This favor rendered him vain, and led to his asking his father's permission to drive his chariot German one day. Phœbus represented the dangers to which this would expose him; but in vain. He undertook the aërial jour ney. The flying horses immediately departed from the usual track. Phaëton repented too late of his rashness; heaven with a uniand earth were threatened versal conflagration, when Jupiter struck the rider with a thunderbolt, and hurled him headlong down into the river Po. His body, consumed with fire, was found by the nymphs of the place. There was a drama by Euripides on Phaëton. Also an open carriage like a chaise, on four wheels, and drawn by two horses.
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Phagocytes
microscopic masses of protoplasm capable of occurring in the ameboid movements, occur blood lymph, and bone marrow, where they absorb and assimilate bacteria and microbes appearing therein.
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Phalanger
in zoölogy, the popular English name for any individual of the sub-family Phalangistinæ. Phalangers are small woolly-coated marsupials, with opposable great toes, which are destitute of a nail. They are, for the most part, vegetable feeders, though some are insectivorous. They may be grouped in two classes, those with, and those without, a flying membrane.
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Phalarope
the popular name of any individual of the genus Phalaropus, extending throughout northern Europe and northern Asia. The red or rednecked phalarope (P. hyperboreus), about the size of a san sandpiper, has the upper parts blackish-gray, the feathers edged with red, sides of the neck chestnut; thorax, breast, and belly white. ) is so The gray phalarope (P. fulicarius called from the prevailing hue of its winter plumage; in summer the upper | parts exhibit a mixture of black, white, and yellow; breast and under parts reddish chestnut. It is rather larger than the first species. Wilson's phalarope (P. wilsonii) is a North American bird; the lobes of the toes have a narrower border, and the legs are longer and slenderer minute crustacea, and their flesh is oily and unpalatable.
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Phallism
the worship of the fertilizing power of nature under the symbol of the phallus. The idea that natural productions were engendered in a manner akin to the propagation of man and the lower animals is poetically expressed by Vergil and Lucretius. Phallism appears to have been at first an independent cult, but was afterward adopted into other forms of worship. The Phœnicians ascribed its introduction into their worship to Adonis; the Egyptians to Osiris, the Phrygians to Atys, and the Greeks to Dionysos.
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