Peru (City in La Salle co Ill)
a city in La Salle co., Ill.; at the head of navigation on the Illinois river, and on the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, and the Chicago, Ottawa and Peoria railroads: 100 miles S. W. of Cincago. Here are St. Mary's Hospital, high school, public library, street railroad and electric light plants, waterworks, National and State banks, and several weekly newspapers. It has grain elevators, rolling mills, and manufactories of clocks, zin zinc, zinc, plows, sulphuric acid, brick, tile, sash doors, blinds, and wheels. Pop. (1910) 7,984; (1920) 8,869.
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Perugia
LAGO DI, or LAGO TRASIMENO, a lake in Italy, 9 miles W. of Perugia, about 8 miles long, varying in breadth from 7 miles to 4 miles, surrounded with olive plantations. It contains three islands, and abounds in fish. It has no visible outlet.
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Perugia
ancient Perusia, a town of central Italy, capital of the province province of Umbria, 84 miles N. of Rome. It is beautifully situated on an eminence above the Tiber, has irregular but spacious streets, and is surrounded by old walls. It is rich in art and literary treasures, and has many remarkable buildings, including a Gothic cathedral of the 15th century, a number of churches and monasteries, a town hall (Italian 1281), and a university, 1307. The manufactures, not consequence, consist of velvet, etc. Perugia was an old Etruscan city, and was conquered by Rome in 310 b. c. Pop. about 70,000. Pop. department, about 715,000.
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Perugino
PIETRO, an Italian in Città della Pieve, His real name was Pietro Vanucci, but becoming a citizen of Perugia, he acquired the name by which he is PIETRO PERUGINO He was employed for 10 Sistine Chapel and the Vatican, and on his return opened ed a school, and had among his pupils. Perugino was a sordid and eccentric man, and in his latter years produced many works, unworthy of him, for gain. His best work is the "Pieta," in the Pitti Palace. Among his best works are an "Ascension," at Lyons; the "Infant Christ Adored by the Virgin," at Rome; "Madonna Enthroned," at Bologna; and the fresco of the "Baptism" in the Sistine Chapel. He died in 1524.
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Peruvian Balsam
in botany and commerce, the balsam flowing from incisions in the trunk of Myroxylon pereiræ. It is a thick, viscid, almost opaque, balsam, like molasses, with a reddish hue, and translucent when in thin layers; its odor fragrant, its taste acrid, but aromatic. It is brought from San Salvador, in South America. In pharmacy, is used as a stimulant and expectorant in chronic bronchitis, rheumatism, also to arrest excessive discharges from the urethra, and as an external application to stimulate bedsores and ulcers. BARK, PERUVIAN BARK. See PERUVIAN.
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Pesaro
ancient Pisaurum, a town of Italy, on the right bank of the Foglia, here crossed by a bridge of Trajan's age, 1 mile from the Adriatic and 37 miles N. W. of Ancona. Its streets are broad, and adorned with palaces and churches, and the town is surrounded with walls and defended by a citadel (1474) and a fort. It is a bishop's seat; there are two cathedrals, new and old. Silks, pottery, iron, and leather are manufactured; and trade is carried on in wine, olive oil, and fruits. The city is associated with the name of Tasso, some of his MSS. being preserved in one of the town museums; it is also the birthplace of Rossini. Made a Roman colony in 184 b. c., it was destroyed by the Goths; then, having rebuilt by Belisarius, it became one been of the Pentapolis. From 755 to 1285 it belonged to the Popes, then to the Malatestas till 1445, then to the Sforzas and Delle Roveres, in 1631 again to the Popes, and finally in 1860 to Italy. Pop. of town (1915) 28,483. Of the department of Pesaro and Urbine, 270,696.
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Peschiera
a fortress of Italy, a member of the Quadrilateral, stands partly on an island in the Mincio and partly on the right bank of that river, at its outlet from the Lake of Garda. Besides a strong citadel and an arsenal, there is a fortified camp. The fortress has played a prominent part in warlike events, especially after the Napoleonic wars began down to 1859.
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Peshawar
or PESHAWUR, a town of India, 10½ miles from the entrance of the Khyber Pass, 190 E. by S. of Kabul, and 276 N. W. of Lahore. Though a frontier town and occupying a strategic position of the utmost importance, its only defenses are a mud wall and a small fort; but 2 miles W. of the city are the cantonments, with a garrison of six regiments and a battery of Royal Artillery. Peshawar is the seat of to abandon his gratuitous institution, and extensive commerce between Afghanis- to seek pupils who could pay for their tan and India; gold, silver, lace, hides (from Bokhara), horses, mules, fruits, woolen and skin coats (from Kabul) being exchanged for tea, English piece-goods, , salt, rice, butter, oil, and sugar. wheat
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Peso
a silver coin and money of account used in Mexico and other parts of Spanish America, and often considered equivalent to a dollar.
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Pessimism
that mental attitude which induces one to give preponderating importance to the evils and sorrows of existence; the habit of taking a gloom, and desponding view of things. Als the name given to the system of philosophy denounced by Schopenhauer (1788- "The World as Will and Idea" 1860) in (of which the first volume was published in 1819, and the second some 25 years after), and by Von Hartman in his "Philosophy of the Unconscious” (1860), It was at the beginning of the 19th century that pessimism began to create a literature of its own. As examples may be cited Byron's "Euthanasia" and Heine's "Fragen." The adherents of this philosophy have for the most part belonged to the German races, Leopardi (1798- 1837) being the sole Latin writer of note who has advocated pessimist theories.
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Pesth
. See Budapest
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Petal
in botany, one of the divisions of a corolla consisting of several distinct pieces. It is a modification of a leaf. It is generally larger than the calyx, and, unlike it, is as a rule brightly colored, i. e., white, red, blue, yellow, or some of at force the hues produced by their intermixture. Sometimes the margins of the petals unite.
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