Each of these 13 subjects appears in only one of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. None is long enough to carry a page by itself, so they are gathered here by letter. Anything that grows moves out to a page of its own.
in English law, that which is pleaded or alleged by a party to an action in support of his demand; in a more restricted sense the answer of the defendant in a cause to the plaintiff's declaration and demand. Pleas are two sorts: dilatory pleas, and pleas to the action. Pleas to the action are such as dispute the very cause of suit.
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the act of advocating a cause in a court of law. In the plural, the written statements of parties in a suit at law, containing the declaration and claim of the plaintiff, or the answer or defense of the defendant. Pleadings consist of the declaration, the plea, the replication, the rejoinder, the sur-rejoinder, the rebutter, the sur-rebutter, etc., which are successively filed. Pleadings were formerly made by word of mouth in court.
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or PLEBS, in ancient Rome, one of the great orders of the Roman people, at first excluded from nearly all the rights of citizenship. The whole government of the state, with the enjoyment of all its offices, belonged exclusively to the patricians, with whom the plebeians could not even intermarry. The Lex Hortensia ( 286 B. C) gave the plebiscita, or enactments passed at the in plebeian assemblies, the force of law. From this time the privileges of the two classes may be said to have been
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the transfer of a chattel from a debtor to a creditor as a security of a debt, or that which is pledged or pawned as security for the repayment of money borrowed, or for the performance of some obligation or engagement; a pawn. Pledges are generally goods and chattels, but anything valuable of a personal nature, as money, negotiable instruments, etc., may be given in pledge. A living pledge (vadium vivum) is one which produces an income, interest, or profit by being used, and which is retained by the pledgee till he shall have satisfied his claim out of such income, profit, or interest; a dead pledge (vadium mortuum) is a mortgage.
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A daughter of Oceanus, and mother of the Pleiades by Atlas. Plinius, C. Secundus (the Elder). He was born at Verona , of a noble family. He distinguished himself in the field, and was appointed governor of Spain. When at Misenum in command of the Roman fleet, Pliny observed the appearance of a cloud of dust and ashes, which was the commencement of the famous eruption of Mount Vesuvius which overwhelmed Herculaneum and Pompeii. He sailed for the scene of the eruption, where he was suffocated by the vapors emitted. This occurred in the seventy-ninth year of the Christian era. Plinius, C.. Caecilius Secundus (the Younger Pliny). Son of L. Caecilius by the sister of Pliny the Elder. At the age of nineteen he distinguised himself at the bar. When Trajan was invested with the purple Pliny was created consul He died in the fifty-second year of his age, A. D. 113. Pliny had much to do with the persecutions of the Christians in the early promulgation of the Christian religion. The Rev. James Copland, M. A., in an admirable little work entitled Reasons Why We Believe the Bible, gives a very interesting letter from Pliny to the emperor Trajan, asking instructions how to deal with the Christians when they were cited to appear before him.
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a term proposed in 1839 by Lyell as an abbreviation for Newer Pliocene; but Edward Forbes, in adopting it, applied it to the next more modern series of beds, called by Lyell Post-Tertiary. Confusion thus arising, its author withdrew the word, but in the "Student's Elements of Geology," he readopted it in the sense of Post-Pliocene. He considers it the older of two divisions of the Post-Tertiary or Quaternary period. it are Under placed the Reindeer period and the Palæolithic age generally, the Brick-earth, the Fluviatile Loam or Loess, the High Plateaux Gravel or Loess, the Cavern and the Glacial Drift deposits. The climate was colder than now, the summers hot and short, the winters long and severe.
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one who is invested with full and absolute powers to transact any business; specifically, an ambassador or envoy accredited to a foreign court, with full powers to negotiate a treaty or to transact other business.
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redundancy of language in speaking or writing; the use in speaking or writing of more words than are necessary to express an idea.
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the typical group of the order Plesiosauria. The skin was naked, the head comparatively small, neck disproportionately long, and the tail short. Teeth conical and pointed, with longitudinal striations, each sunk in an independent socket. The paddles consist only of the five digits, without marginal ossicles. It was cer certainly aquatic; most probably marine, though it may have occasionally visited the shore. Its organization would fit it for swimming on or near the surface, and the length and flexibility of its neck would be eminently serviceable in capturing its prey.
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in anatomy, plural, serous membranes forming two shut sacs, each PLESIOSAURUS possessed of a visceral and a parietal portion. The former (p. pulmonalis) covers the lungs, and the latter (p. costalis) the ribs, the intercostal spaces, etc. The term is used of the air-breathing vertebrates in the same sense as above. In the singular form it is applied to the odontophore of the mollusca.
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pneumonia with bronchitis, the former constituting the chief disease.
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a town of Bulgaria, 19 miles S. of the Danube and 85 N. E. of Sophia. Here in 1877 Osman Pasha, the Turkish general, after defeating the Russians in several engagements, intrenched himself. After making an unsuccessful
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IGNAZ JOSEPH, a German composer; born in Ruppertsthal, near Vienna, June 1, 1757; studied under Haydn and in Italy , and in 1783 was made Kepellmeister of Strassburg Cathedral. In 1791 he visited London, and he harmonized many of the melodies for Thomson's "Collection of Scottish Songs." In 1795 he opened a large music shop in Paris, and in 1807 joined thereto a pianoforte manufactory. His compositions consisted of quartets, concertos, and sonatas. He died in Paris , Nov. 14, 1831.
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