Rawlinson (GEORGE an English Orientalist)
GEORGE, an English Orientalist; born in Chadlington, England, Nov. 23, 1812; educated at Cambridge; preached the Bampton Lectures in 1859; was elected Camden Professor of Ancient History in 1861 , and made a canon of Canterbury in 1872. He published a translation of Herodotus with a commentary (1858-1860); "The Five World" (1862-1867), followed by the Sixth (1873) and the "Seventh Oriental Monarchy" (1876); "History of Ancient Egypt" (1881); " Egypt and Babylon" (1885); "Phœnicia" (1889); "Memoir of Gen. H. C. Rawlinson " (1898). He died in 1902. Great Monarchies Ancient Eastern
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Rawlinson (II)
BARON HENRY SEYMOUR, a British military officer. He was born in 1864 , at Knoyle, Wilts, and was educated at Eton, Sandhurst, and the Staff College , Camberley. In 1884 he entered the 60th K. R. Rifles, and in 1887 was A. D , C, to Sir Fred- A erick Roberts, Commander-in-chief in India. He served with the Mounted Infantry, Burma campaign (medal and clasp). He returned to England in 1889 and exchanged into Coldstream Guards in 1892. He served in the Soudan campaign in 1898 and was present at the battles of Atbara and Khartoum. He served in the South African War at Ladysmith in 1900 and commanded a mobile column 1901-1902. In the World War he was mentioned in dispatches twice in 1914-1915, and was promoted major-general in 1917, serving in Montenegro. He has published "The Officers' Note-Book." American educator; born in Albany, N. Y., Feb. 21, 21, 1846; was graduated at Yale University in 1868 and at the Andover Theological Seminary in 1872; was ordained in the Congregational Church and served as a chaplain in the United States navy in 1871-1890; was placed in charge of the Department of Ethics and English Studies at the United States Naval Academy in 1888 and was made superintendent of "Naval War Records," March 31, 1897. His publications include "Twenty Famous Naval Battles"; "Salamis to Santiago" (1899); and essays including "Anarchic Socialism"; "New Englander" (1884); "The Naval Chaplaincy" (1892); "The Rationale of Russian Socialism"; (1888) "Twenty Famous Battles" (1899); etc.
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Rawson
EDWARD KIRK, an tance from the coast and in moderate depths. They are carnivorous, but by no means active, swimming like the flatfishes by the undulating motion of the pectoral fins, the thin flagelliform tail having entirely lost its locomotive function, and serving merely as a rudder. They may be divided into two groups: (1) rays proper, with a short snout, and (2) skates (attaining a much larger size) with a long, pointed snout. In species armed with bucklers or asperities it is the female which has these dermal developments, the male being entirely or nearly smooth. The color also frequently varies in the sexes. The Myliobatidæ are popularly known as eagle rays, the Torpedinidæ as electric rays, and the Trygonidæ as sting rays.
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Ray
in ichthyology, any individual of the genus Raja; but the family Rajidæ, and even the section Batoidei, are often spoken of as rays. Their flattened shape indicates that they live on level sandy bottoms, generally at no great dis-
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Ray
or WRAY, JOHN, an English naturalist; born in Black Notley, Essex, England, Nov. 29, 1628. From Brain tree free school he went to Cambridge, where he was fellow, Greek lecturer, mathematical tutor, and junior dean in Trinity College, but after a time began to devote himself entirely to the study of natural history. At the Restoration he accepted Episcopal ordination, but was ejected by the "Black Bartholomew" (1662). Thereupon, accompanied by a kindred spirit, Francis Willughby, Ray traveled over most of the United Kingdom, collecting and investigating botanical and zoölogical specimens; and in 1663 they started on a tour through the Low Countries, Germany, Italy, and France, with a similar object. In 1667 Ray was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. After several changes of residence, in 1679 Ray settled down in his native village. As botanist and a zoölogist he ranks very high, the classification of plants which he proposed being practically in the main the foundation of what is now known as the "Natural System" of classification. Ray's zoological works are considered by Cuvier as the foundation of modern zoology. The chief of his works on botany are "New Method of Plants" (1682); "Catalogue of the Plants of England" (1670), the basis of all the subsequent floras of Great Britain; and "History of Plants" (1686- 1704). His zoological works include the "Methodical Synopsis of Animals" (1893). Ray died in Black Notley, Jan. 17, 1705.
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Ray, John
John (1628-1705), an English botanist. A graduate and fellow of Cambridge. He established the ascent of sap, and divided plants into flowering and non-flowering; the flowering plants he divided into one-leafed or two-leafed plants; this was the beginning of a right system of plant classification. See Linnaeus ; Jussieu
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Rayah
in Turkey, a person not a Mohammedan, who pays the capitation tax, called the haratch.
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Rayleigh
JOHN STRUTT, 3rd , BARON an English scientist; born in Essex, England , Nov. 12, 1842; was graduated, as senior wrangler, at Cambridge, in 1865; succeeded to the title of baron in 1873; in 1884 was president of the British Association; successor to Professor Tyndall as Professor of Natural Philosophy , in the Royal Institution, London, in 1887; Professor of Experimental Physics in the University of Cambridge (1879-1884 ). Columbia College, New York, bestowed on him the Barnard medal for "meritorious service to science " since he shares with Ramsay the merit of discovering the element ARGON (q. v.). He published scientific papers of great value; also "The Theory of Sound " (1877-1878). Awarded Nobel prize for physics (1904); Lord Chancellor of Cambridge , 1908. He died in 1919.
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Raymond
BRADFORD PAUL, an American clergyman; born in Stamford, Conn., April 22, 1846; was educated at Hamline University, Minn., and Lawrence University , Wis., and was graduated at the Theological School of Boston University and ordained in the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1874. He held pastorates in New Bedford, Mass., Providence, R. I., and in Nashua, N. H., and was president of Lawrence University from 1883 to 1889, resigning to become president of Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn . Died 1916.
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