Radetzky
JOSEPH WENZEL, COUNT, an Austrian general; born in the castle of Trebnitz, in Bohemia, Nov. 2, 1766. Called to participate in the long struggle against Napoleon, and having won his way to the rank of Major- General, he fought at Agram and Erlingen; distinguished himself in the battles of 1813, 1814, and 1815; and at Kulm, cessively governor of Ofen in Hungary, and Lemberg in Poland, he was, in 1822, appointed commander-general of the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom. In 1848 the people of Milan rose against their Austrian oppressors, and after a gallant struggle drove them out of the city. Radetzky retreated upon Verona, to await the arrival of re-enforcements. Shortly afterward, Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, joined the popular cause, but was defeated at Novara. This battle decided the fate of the Italian cause, and Austrian tyranny was again triumphant in Lombardo-Venetia. After 73 years of service in the Austrian armies, Radetzky resigned in the year 1857. He died in Milan, Italy, Jan. 5, 1858.
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Radhanpur
chief town of a protected state in Bombay presidency, India, 150 miles N. W. of Baroda. It is surrounded with walls and incloses a fortified castle, the residence of the native prince. The state of Radhanpur has an area of 1,150 square miles. Pop. about 100,000.
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Radiant
in botany, diverging from a common center, like rays. In heraldry an epithet applied to an ordinary or charge, when it is presented edged with rays or beams; rayonnant; reyonnée. In astronomy, the point in the heavens from which a star shower seems to proceed. In geometry, a straight line proceeding from a given point or fixed pole, about which it is conceived to revolve. In optics, the luminous body or point from which rays of light falling on a lens or mirror diverge.
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Radiata
in zoology, a term introduced by Cuvier, in 1812, for the lowest of his great groups or embranchments. He described them as having radial instead of bilateral symmetry, apparently destitute of nervous system and sense organs, having the circulatory system rudimentary or absent, and respiratory organs on or coextensive with the surface of the body; and included the Echinodermata, Acalepha, Entozoa, Polypi, and Infusoria. Wider knowledge led to the narrowing of the limits of this group, and through Agassiz pleaded for Polypi, Acalephæ, and the Echinoderms). its retention (with the three classes of Huxley's "Lectures on Comparative Anatomy" finally broke up what is called the "radiate mob" and distributed its constituents among the Echinodermata, Polyzoa, Vermes, Cælenterata, and Protozoa.
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Radiation
in physics, the transmission of heat, light, or actinic power (hence known as forms of "radiant en- Leipsic, and Brienne. Having been suc-ergy ergy") from one body to another without raising the temperature of the intervening medium. It takes place in all directions around a body. In a homogeneous medium it takes place in straight lines. Radiation proceeds in vacuo as well as through air. Its intensity is proportioned to the temperature of the source, and it diminishes according to the obliquity of the rays with respect to the radiant surface, and the radiating or emissive power of a body, or its capability of emitting at the same temperature, and with the same extent of surface, greater or less quantities of heat. The energy received from a radiating body is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, and the radiation of a body is exactly proportional al to its absorbing power. If the radiating power of lampblack be reckoned at 100, that of platinum foil is 10.80; copper foil, 4.90; gold leaf, 4.28, and pure laminated silver 3.80. Solar radiation is the radiation from the sun; terrestrial radiation that from the earth into space.
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Radical
in chemistry, a group of elements common to a more or less numerous series of allied compounds, and unaffected by the processes whereby these compounds are transformed one into another, e. g., Ethyl (C₂Hs), the radical of common alcohol (C2H5HO). In mathematics, an indicated root of an imperfect power of the degree indicated. In philology, (1) A radix, root, or simple underived, uncompounded word. (2) A letter which belongs to the root; a primitive letter. In English and American politics, an ultra-liberal, verging on Socialism; one of that party in the state which desires to carry out a radical reform of the constitution, and to give greater power to the democracy. The term was first used in England and applied as a party name in 1818 to Henry Hunt, Major Cartwright, and others of the same party, who wished to introduce radical reforms in the representative system.
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Radicalism
signifying, in a political sense, those elements which demand extreme reform measures in government organization. The term was first applied to the Radical party of Great Britain, in 1819, which stood opposed to the conservative Tories, demanding univerof the sal suffrage and an extension rights of the people. In this country the Progressive party corresponded most Socialists are nearly to a radical party. also generally known as radicals, but generally speaking a radical does not demand a change in the basic laws of the nation, which a Socialist does, for which reason the latter is more properly a revolutionist, even though he does not desire to bring about the changes by force of arms.
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Radiograph
a picture of an object or objects obtained by means of the Roentgen rays instead of light rays; called also skiagraph.
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Radiolaria
in zoölogy, according to E. Ray Lankester, a class of Protozoa, rarily radioactive. These gases are consisting of Gymnomyxa in which the protoplasmic body of the dominant amœba phase has the form of a sphere or cone, and incloses a spherical or coneshaped perforated shell of membranous sh consistence, known as the central capsule, and probably homologous with the perforated shell of a Globigerina.
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Radiometer
an instrument that is used for taking the altitudes of the celestial bodies. Also an instrument invented by Crookes for measuring the mechanical effect of radiant energy, and exhibited by him at the Royal Society, April 7, 1875. It resembles a miniature anemometer, and revolves by the action of light. The cups of the anemometer are replaced by disks, colored white on and the one side and black on the other, instrument is inclosed in a glass globe from which the air has been exhausted, so that no heat is transmitted. When the disks are exposed to light, revolution begins and its speed is governed by the intensity of the light. Two candles produce twice the effect of one, and the flame of magnesium wire makes the disks spin with great rapidity.
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