Red Ocher
a name common to a variety of pigments, rather than designating an individual color, and comprehending Indian red, light red, Venetian red, scarlet ocher, Indian ocher, reddle, bole, and other oxides of iron. As a mineral it designates a soft earthy variety of hæmatite.
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Red Pine
a species of pine (Pinus rubra), also called Norway pine. Its wood is very resinous and durable, and is much used in house and shipbuilding. It produces turpentine, tar, pitch, resin, and lampblack.
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Red Rain
rain tinged red by cobalt chloride derived from meteoric dust.
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Red River
the southernmost of the great tributaries of the Mississippi. It rises in northern Texas, flows eastward between Indian Territory and Texas, cuts across the southwestern corner of Arkansas, and flows southeastward through Louisiana into the Mississippi. In its passage through the so-called Staked Plains of Texas, the Red River flows through a magnificent canyon 100 miles in length and from 200 to 1,000 feet in depth. In the central part of its course the river has been obstructed by floating rafts of dead timber and debris, the accumulations of centuries. One of these was over 100 miles in length. Every season of high water brought down more old logs and trees, until the raft spread out for seventy miles in width across a swampy expanse of the river. These obstructions were cleared away at great expense during the seventies. Near its mouth it has a tendency to flow directly southward through a bayou, known as the Atchafalaya, into the Gulf. The state of Louisiana has been at great expense building levees to protect bottom lands from overflow. During high water boats of considerable size ascend as far as Shreveport. Small, shallow craft reach the frontiers of Texas. Although 2,000 miles in length, the river is too wide, shallow, and shifting to be a valuable waterway. In the wooded regions particularly, it widens out into a broad, sluggish swamp with no decisive channel. The flood valley is marvelously fertile.
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Red River
or SONG-KA, a large river of Tonkin, formed by the junction of the Leteën and Song-shai, the former rising in China, the latter in Laos. It flows S. E., passes Hanoi, and falls by several mouths into the Gulf of Tonkin.
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Red River
the lowest W. branch of the Mississippi, rises near the E. border of New Mexico, flows E. through Texas, forms what was the S. boundary of Indian Territory, thence S. E. through Arkansas and Louisiana, and enters the Mississippi below lat. 31° N. It is 1,600 miles long, and receives numerous branches, the Washita the most important. t. It is navigable for seven months to Shreveport (350 miles).
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Red Root
a genus of deciduous shrubs of the natural order Rhamnacea. The common red root of North America (C. americanus), which abounds from Canada to Florida, is a shrub of two to four feet high, with beautiful thyrsi of numerous small white flowers. It is sometimes called New Jersey tea, an infusion of its leaves being sometimes used as tea. It serves also as an astringent, and for dyeing wool of a cinnamon color. A Mexican species has blue flowers, and a California kind is used for evergreen hedges.
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Red Stuff
Sesquioxide of iron, used for polishing brass and steel by mixing with oil. Crocus, rouge and clinker are various grades of red stuff.
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Red Water
the hæmaturia in cattle, occurring occasionally in sheep. It is of two kinds: (1) Acute, ushered in by a discharge of bloody urine, generally preceded by dysentery, suddenly changing to obstinate costiveness immediately before the red water appears. There is laborious breathing, with every indication of fever. The disease rapidly runs its course, and the beast soon succumbs. (2) Chronic, the more prevalent form. The urine is brown or yellowishyello brown, the beast feeds fairly, but ruminates slowly, and after a few days a natural diarrhœa carries off the evil symptoms. Youatt considers these two fornia. forms essentially different maladies; the first, inflammation of the kidney; the second, inflammation of, or altered secretion from the liver.
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Red-Billed Curlew
in ornithology, Ibidorhynchus struthersi, found only in the Himalaya Mountains and the hills of central Asia.
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Red-Eye
or RUDD, a fish belonging to the same genus as roach, chub, and minnow. It is common in lakes, slow rivers, and fens, in many parts of Europe and in England.
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Redan
THE, one of the strongest Russian fortifications on the S. side of Sebastopol. It was unsuccessfully assaulted by the English on June 5 and Sept. 8, 1855. The retirement of the Russians to the N. side left, on the latter date, the place in the hands of the allies.
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Redan
in fortifications, work having two faces forming a salient angle in the direction from which an attack may be expected. It is open at the gorge. A double redan has a re-entering angle for mutual defense. The redan is simplest field work, and is used for de fending the avenues of approach to a village, bridge, or defile. În front of another field work, it is called a fiéche. When flanks are added to the faces, the work becomes a detached bastion or lunette.
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Redbird
the popular name of several birds in the United States, as the Tanagra æstiva or summer red bird, the Tanagra rubra, and the Baltimore oriole or hang nest.
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Redbreast
. See Robin
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Redemptionists
one of the names of an order of monks devoted to the redemption of Christian captives from are more frequently slavery. They called Trinitarians.
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Redemptorists
members of the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, founded by St. Alphonsus Maria de Liguori (1696-1787), at Scala, in 1732. The members take the three simple, but perpetual, vows, and a fourth, of perseverance in the Institute till death. Their principal object is the preaching of missions and retreats to all classes of Roman Catholics, giving preference to the ignorant and neglected. Their dress is a black serge cossack, with cloth girdle and rosary beads.
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Redesdale
the valley of the river Reed in Northumberland, England; extending almost from the Scottish border in a S. E. direction for over 16 miles, till it opens up into the valley of the Tyne, the river joining the North Tyne at Reedsmcuth. The river springs out of the Cheviot Hills, which lie athwart the head of the dale, and down its course from Carter Toll on the border lay one of the chief roads into England. Watling Street itself traverses its middle and upper part. Near the S. end of Redesdale is the famous field of Otterburn. Redesdale gave from 1877 the title of earl to John Thomas Freeman Mitford (1805-1886), who was son of the exspeaker, John Mitford (died 1830), first Baron Redesdale.
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