These 13 listings are so strange that each appears in only one of the 7 encyclopedias we compared. They include such classics as Reflex Nervous Action, Reformatory Schools, Refractory Materials.
in physiology, those actions of the nervous system whereby an impression is transmitted along sensory nerves to a nerve center, from which again it is reflected to a motor nerve, and so calls into play some muscle whereby movements are produced. These actions are performed involuntarily, and often unconsciously, as the contraction of the pupil of the eye when exposed to strong light. See NERVE.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
schools instituted for the training of juvenile offenders who have been convicted of an offense punishable by imprisonment. The first reformatory managed under legislative control was the one established in New York in 1824, known as the New York House of Refuge. Its success was so marked that similar institutions were established throughout the country. See JUVENILE COURTS.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
the name given first to the Helvetic Church, which rejected both transubstantiation and consubstantiation, regarding the communion as simply a commemorative ordinance. Afterward, the name Reformed Churches was extended to all other religious bodies who held similar sacramental views. The founder of the Helvetic Church was Ulrich Zwingli, who began to preach reformed doctrines in 1516. Between 1526 and 1532 the movement was communicated from Berne; it was at once German and French, and extended to the center of Switzerland from the gorges of the Jura to the deepest valleys of the Alps. In 1532 Geneva took the lead. Here the Reformation was essentially French. The first or German part of the movement was conducted by Zwingli, till his death at the battle of Cappel (Oct. 11, 1531), the second by various reformers, the third part by William Farel, and then by John Calvin.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
All such substances as melt only at the highest temperatures that can be produced are classed as refractory. Amongst these are included some natural rocks, as sandstones, quartzites, granites, etc.; but it is not customary to use these alone for metallurgical purposes, on account of their liability to split apart at high temperatures. The principal substances employed, in varying proportions, as mixtures for furnace-linings, crucibles, retorts, fire-bricks, etc., are silica, magnesia, bauxite, steatite, clays, carbon, gannister, coke, etc. Nearly all clays require to be mixed with other materials, to counteract the tendency to shrink and crack. If it were not for these admixtures, the bricks made from some of the clays would soften and melt away when subjected to very high temperatures. A description of the materials mentioned, and numerous other refractory substances, will be found at their respective places.
Only in The Encyclopedia of Founding
that which shelters or protects from danger, distress, or calamity; a sanctuary; a place to flee to in time of danger. Specifically, an institution for affording temporary shelter to the destitute or the homeless; a house of refuge.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
CITIES OF, in Jewish law and history, six Levitical cities divinely appointed as places of refuge to one who had committed manslaughter, and was pursued by the "Revenger" or "Avenger" of Blood. Three (Kedesh Naphtali, Schechem, and Hebron) were W. of the Jordan, and three (Bezer in Reuben, Ramoth Gilead in Gad, and Golan in the half-tribe of Manasseh, were E. of that river.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
CITIES OF over again. Ammonia was first used by Carré in 1860; ammonia gas driven off by heat from its solution in water is condensed in a cooled vessel under its own pressure; the original ammonia vessel is now cooled, and the liquid ammonia rapidly evaporates (its vapor being absorbed), chilling its surroundings. Anhydrous liquid ammonia has been used by Reece and others. The Bell-Coleman apparatus, greatly use in the refrigerating chambers of ciple is that compressed and cooled air will, when allowed to expand against an external resistance, so that it does mechanical work during expansion, lose heat equivalent to the energy which it has expended. Porous jars, used to keep water cool, are among the simplest kinds of refrigerating apparatus; the evaporation at the outer surface of the jar of the water passing through the porous earthenware taking latent heat from the water.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
a word that probably came into existence when the Protestants under Louis XIV. escaped from their oppressors to other lands. It is applied also to one who takes refuge; one who flees to a place of refuge or shelter, and to one who flies for refuge in time of persecution or political commotion to a foreign country.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
the deal-fish; a genus of acanthopterygian fishes; division Tæniiformes . Each ventral fin is reduced to a long filament, dilated at the extremity, somewhat like the blade of an oar, whence they have been called oar fishes. Range wide; they have been taken in the Mediterranean, the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, and on the coast of New Zealand.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
an Italian word, used originally at Venice to denote a gondola race. It is now in general use and is applied to the rowing matches at Oxford, Cambridge, and American universities, as well as to yacht races on salt and fresh waters. Any showy boat race may be called a regatta. See Yacht ; Commodore
Only in Aiton's Encyclopedia
the union, by freezing together, of two pieces of ice, with moist surfaces when placed in contact at a temperature of 32°. A snowball is formed by the regelation of the particles composing it, so are the snow bridges spanning chasms on high mountains. See GLACIER.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
a system employed on electrified railroads, especially in the mountainous sections of the West, in which the motor of the locomotive is used as a generator on descending grades, the kinetic energy of the train on such grades being used as the motive force to drive the generator, which thus at the same time acts as a brake and replenishes the supply of electrical power.
Only in Collier's New Encyclopedia
The Siemens regenerative furnace is composed of three divisions, including the producers, where the crude gas is generated; the regenerators, chambers containing a network of fire-brick passages through which the heated gases and flame may circulate and the heat be stored as they escape from the furnace, to be again mixed with the gases from the producer and the air as they pass through the regenerator to the furnace hearth; and the furnace itself, which is the third division. By this arrangement the outgoing heated volatile products heat the mass of bricks in the chamber, and this again heats the incoming air and gas supplied to the furnace. See SIEMENS-MARTIN STEEL.
Only in The Encyclopedia of Founding